Assess the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Functionalist Approach to Society Essay

Functionalism is seen as a macro-scale approach to society; it sees society as a whole rather than looking at parts of it. Due to this, functionalism sees society as a body (organic analogy), all the institutions work together to make society. This is particularly useful when observing society in order to understand the way in which it functions and the way in which all the institutions (organic analogy: organs within the body) work together to sustain society as a whole. Functionalism being a macro-scale approach is therefore seen as a strength as it allows functionalist sociologists to observe society, and its institutions, as a whole. Functionalism is also seen as a consensus theory, it sees society as fair and just, and it acknowledges that many societies, including the majority of western ones, have democracy and all individuals within a particular society share the same or similar norms and values. This could therefore be seen as a strength as it acknowledges that democracy does exist in many societies. However, as functionalism is a macro-scale approach and sees society as a whole, it could miss crucial factors/ groups which contribute to the functioning of society; these include small groups and tribes, such as gipsies. Not acknowledging these minority groups within society could lead to functionalist sociologists lacking crucial information about how society functions and how minority groups live within a large society. This could therefore be seen as a weakness of functionalism as it fails to acknowledge that there are minority groups within society. Also, as functionalism is a consensus theory where all individuals within a particular society share the same or similar norms and values and sees society as being fair and just; however, it fails to acknowledge that there are inequalities within society, these inequalities could be present amounts social class, gender or ethnicity. However, other approaches, such as Marxism and Feminism acknowledge that there are inequalities within society which raises the question as to whether functionalism is the most appropriate approach to use when studying society. This is therefore seen as a weakness of functionalism as society does have many inequalities which functionalism fails to acknowledge. Talcott Parsons, a functionalist sociologist who elaborated on Durkheim’s work about society and its functions, claimed that society is like an organism, in particular, the human body. He argued that all institutions, such as the family and the education system, within society function together to maintain society just as the organs within a human body work together to maintain life. In particular, Parsons identified three similarities between the human body and society; he claimed that they were both systems within themselves – all the parts of a body and the institutions within society fit together in fixed ways. He also identified that these ‘systems’ have needs – the human body needs nutrition to help it sustain life, whereas society needs adequate socialisation in order for society to continue functioning in the way that it does. Parsons also stated that both the human body and society have functions – the functions of the systems within the human body ensure that the body’s needs are meet thus maintaining life; whereas, in society, the economy functions to maintain the social system. As parsons’ analogy helps sociologists to better understand the way in which institutions in society work together to maintain a ‘healthy’ society, it can be seen as a strength of functionalism as it helps to structure sociologists’ perceptions about how society functions. Parsons also identified four needs of society and how they are met. He claimed that society needs adaptation, this is where the material needs of society are met; for example, individuals within society work in order to gain their wages which in turn provides for their material needs. He also argued that society needs goal attainment – society needs to set goals and achieve them; this need is met via the political – political leaders set goals for society to achieve and these goals help to improve society. Integration is another need which Parsons identified, this is where cohesion between the different institutions, such as the family and education system, is promoted; this is done to avoid chaos and conflict. Latency is also needed by society, this refers to the way in which individuals cope with problems in society – they may turn to religion to reduce the strain which has been put on them by society. These needs which Parsons identified can be seen as a strength of society as they help sociologists to understand what society needs in order to function adequately. However, functionalist sociologist, Merton disagreed with the needs which Parsons identified. Merton claims that Parsons ignored the fact that there are institutions within society that can be dysfunctional, for example, religion can form cohesion but can also cause divisions within society. According to Merton, Parsons failed to acknowledge this. Merton also argues that Parsons fails to differentiate between intended (manifest) and unintended (latent) functions within society and therefore, Parsons’ idea about the needs and functions of society are very simplistic. Merton also criticises Parsons’ idea about indispensability, he assumes that everything is necessary in the way that it is; for example, children can only be socialised adequately in a two parent, nuclear family, however, Merton rejects this claim as he argues that adequate socialisation can occur even within a single parent family. Due to Merton’s arguments, some aspects of functionalism, such as the needs and functions of society, are seen as a weakness of society. There are also other criticisms of functionalism; it’s argued that functionalism explains the effects before the causes. For example, functionalism claims that children need to socialised (this is the effect) and therefore the family exists (this is the cause). Due to this, may sociologists argue that the functionalism approach is not one which can be used to explain society properly. Also, Marxist sociologists argue that functionalism has failed to explain conflict and change within society; the approach claims that society is harmonious and built on consensus. However, Marxist and Feminist sociologists argue that exploitation and inequality do exist in many forms, such as social class and gender inequality; however, functionalism has failed to acknowledge this and is therefore considered to be an approach which has traditional ideology which is outdated. This therefore shows flaws to the functionalist approach and therefore points out the weaknesses within the functionalist approach. Overall, in conclusion, the functionalist approach has many strengths and weaknesses about the way in which society functions and the needs it requires. It strengths are seen in the way in which it explains the basic needs and function of society, these explanations can be used by other sociologists to improve and maintain an adequate society. However, other approaches, such as Marxism and Feminism have criticised functionalism due to its lack of acknowledgment of exploitation and inequality which occurs within society. However, overall, it is a balanced argument.

Comparison between Japanese and Canadian Central Bank Policies Essay

The present paper is an investigation of the central bank policies in the countries of Japan and Canada. The paper takes into examination Bank of Japan and Bank of Canada and explores the grounds on which similarities and differences, if any, can be noted. This study is a comparison between the central banks’ policies of both the countries. The structure of the paper overviews the banking system of both the countries then furthers with individual analysis only to bring a major comparison at the second last section. The paper discusses findings in the conclusion section and makes recommendations for future policy making and development. 2- Overview This section overviews the past, present of the two banks in the concerned countries. This is in the attempt of creating a base of the later sections that would be dealing with specific policy issues of the two banks. 2.1- Japanese Banking System Today Japanese banking system finds its foundational roots in the aftermaths of World War II and is still continuing to grow support for the financial and industrial organizations of the country. Ever since World War II, Japanese banking system has gone through a number of changes and adaptations in corporate behavior as well as in the shaping of economic and regulatory policies. The period that can be said to be the golden time for the development of the Japanese banking system is regarded to be from the early 1950s to the early 1970s. This was the time when Japanese firms were growing rapidly and needed financial backing and monetary assessment to hold solid on the corporate grounds. However, from the 1970s, some changes were experienced by this banking system and that solid position was shaken. Of the major reasons, international paradigm change in financial transactions, corporate behavior with regard to investment of funds both internal and external, (firms started issuing securities rather than borrowing from banks) and other such reasons can be said to be the causes for the shaking of such a strong banking system as was in Japan once especial up to the early 1970s. Up to the present day, in the Japanese financial system, bank loans still possess the dominant place as the external financing source for the corporate sector which is non-financial – until 1986 the borrowings done from private institutions were recorded to be more than seventy percent. Other such common services as issuance of bonds, client monitoring, cost monitoring for different services, and so forth are also found to be in practice in the Japanese banking system. As such, there is much more that is needed to be examined in this country’s banking system that makes it notable on the international horizon (Aoki, Patrick, & Sheard, pp. 1-15, 1994). 2.2 – Canadian Banking System The central banking system of Canada is also with its typical issues and challenges and up to the present time, these challenges have been multiplying for a number of factors. For example, nowhere in history general public was so much conscious about the evil unemployment and is now showing a hyper attitude which simply put the government and its financial institutions up front to the criticism. As such, the challenges are to make such financial policies as can help confront these challenges and move over them. Although the central bank of Canada did go through a long period of adjustments, say the depression period of the 1930s and later, Neufeld (1958) notes that â€Å"The constitutional adjustments experienced by the Bank of Canada were not as great as those of some older central banks† (p. 4). There are noteworthy reasons for this observation. For instance, beginning in the market, the bank was sponsored by the government leading to a stable position. However, political interventions and the bank’s responsibilities to cater for the needs or demands of the political party government continued to exist. The bank went through war crisis, financial instability, and social pressures like unemployment, all along its birth becoming an adult from an immature youth. At present the Bank is in a more favorable position to serve for the purposes of the government and perform its multifarious purposes with regard to financial activities along with the challenges. Some of the challenges that the bank faced during its stability periods were â€Å"serious foreign exchange outflows and phenomenal capital inflows† (212). The three areas, back in the stability phase, i.e., bond market, stock exchanges, and foreign exchange markets, have been tactfully established by the bank to create a positive picture of the overall economic situation of the country. Presently, the Bank holds a primary position in the decision making process of these three areas. Today, as a successful bank, the expert opinion about this bank is that it has dealt in the time of difficulty more with technique which was versatile than conservatism (213). The banking system of Canada is in a constant process of up gradation for better output; one such instance is the use of geographic information systems (GIS) technology â€Å"for a wide range of applications† (Macdonald, 2001, p. 419). Therefore, it is important to have a deep examination of the policies and practices of this bank so that the insider’s view can help others form such a system in any other country. 3-Policies of the Bank of Japan There are a number of policy issues that need to be revisited but for the limited space of the paper, only a few major are discussed. First of all, policies of the Bank of Japan (BOJ) have been central to critics’ attention due to a number of reasons but the most important is that it is one of the three G-3 central banks that have been reviewed in the past decades. The special features of BOJ are numerous. The most apparent, however, is its stance on deflation. Although BOJ was forced to take â€Å"a highly leveraged position† in local financial environment, it has taken no risk to fight the challenge. Moreover, it might have been possible for the bank to give in to a number of challenges that were created by deflation, however, the bank continued to survive with a number of different policies and measures (Cargill, 2005, p. 311). BOJ’s approach to monetary policy is pragmatic. The overall focus of this monetary policy is to maintain stability in price and encourage economic development. To meet these ends, the Bank monitors such areas as exchange rates, the aggregates of money, the indices of consumer and wholesale rates, growth of the GDP, production taking place in the industry, on-going interest rate in the market, prices of assets, and a number of other factors. It is also notable that in the functions of the Bank, international policy association and coordination can also play a role in the Bank’s domestic policy making. It is important to note that throughout its existence the BOJ has never come to stand as hardcore monetarist. Instead of this, the Bank has been treating the policy making of money more like a form of art. There are a number of methods by which the Bank lets its policies become public. The implementation of policies also takes a number of forms, for instance, â€Å"discoun t window† guides other financial institutions through loans etc. (Miller, 1996, pp. 1-47). By the late 1980s, BOJ held its position as positive in the eyes of the critics due to a number of policy making issues since WWII. Up to then the bank had gone through a number of remarkably shaky times coping up with such challenges as industrialization and establishment of it. By that time major characteristics of BOJ were its commitment to price stability and positive outcomes that came out of its policies. The most important point is that since its establishment, its legal position did not go through a change. Then it was the only bank rated as the most dependent of all the central banks in the world. Hence the notable feature is its keeping price stability instead of being a dependent bank. It also contradicted the widely acclaimed view that the more independent a central bank, the more price stability would be extended (Cargill, 2005, p. 311).   May 1989 is the period called the low point policy period of BOJ which continued through the year 2004. Here the bank increased the rate of discount in a number of steps that included historically low rate of 2.5 percent to 6.0 in the first stage of 1991. It was sternly a reaction against the asset inflation of the 1980s. However, the sharp recession and diminishing asset rate backed the bank to move for ease of policy in 1991 and the call and discount rates came down to 0.05 percent by the early 1995. Until it obtained the first â€Å"0 rate of interest† policy in 1999, the bank went on lowering call rate discount. It was drawn to a close in 2000. It came back to zero rate policy again in 2000 and moved on to a statistical easing down of policy in 2001 because declining economy alerted the authorities; moreover, it needed to adopt a different framework of operation for short-term rates on interest which had to be fundamentally zero (Cargill, 2005, p. 311). Although internationally, it is the reputation of the Bank of Japan that it has been moving too gradually in terms of the formation of monetary policy, fiscal policies, and resolving the issues present to it, there are important areas where this criticism becomes void. For example, Japan is often compared with the USA without considering the fact that former faced a great many more problems than the latter. Additionally, there are such instances as Japan’s tighter economic policy in 1996 that has much to discard this criticism (Browne, 2001, p. 3). 4- Policies of the Bank of Canada The Bank of Canada (BOC) is often criticized for influencing the level of price, jobs, and the development of its country’s economy. However, in the recent years the Bank has acquired a reputation that it is very concerned with keeping the inflation rate low so that it can make other ends meet for broader goals of economy. The Bank has also been charged with its acute concerns to inflation rate only and looking over such challenges as unemployment and economic growth. However, there are proponents of the Bank’s policies who come forward to defend the policies of the bank as they are presently in practice stating that if the focus of the Bank shift to the vice versa perspective, there would be no growth in economy and inflation rate will increase causing devaluation of the dollar. Vanderhart (2003) conducted an in-depth analysis of BOC’s response to inflation rate and other such concerns as unemployment, growth of economy, and other factors. The author found that there is insufficient evidence to suggest that the Bank of Canada’s response to economic data available on inflation is direct, â€Å"inflationary precursors as raw materials and intermediate goods prices are only significant when other important factors are omitted† (p. 357). But the author does not make it a remark that the Bank does not follow the procedures to pursue anti-inflationary policy. What the BOC has successfully achieved with regard to keeping control over inflation is that it responds to those factors which are other than â€Å"the releases of price level data†. Moreover, the recent policies also prompt to the suggestion that the Bank is taking measure to fight the challenge of unemployment. Two factors also came up to the author’s analysis that determined the actions and responses of the BOC. These are exchange rates and federal fund rate. The bottom line that the author draws is the there is little doubt about the health of the Canadian economy and the BOC is actively involved in the process of keeping this health stable. However, if some out-of-Canada issues are present, there may be some criticism on the Bank for example, its interconnection with the U.S. monetary policy because there are voices that might want a Canada which is independent of U.S. related economic policies (Vanderhart, 2003). If we review comparative analysis of Canadian economic growth with other countries (say Australia), there is sufficient evidence to mark the above observation that the Canadian economy has grown stronger than before and that such challenges as labor utilization has been carefully handled in the favor of the country. Harchaoui, et al. tell us that the growth of Canada’s real average income has large credit to a magnificent improvement in the way labor has been utilized, i.e. â€Å"the combination of high average hours worked and a high rate of employment in the total population†. In addition to this, capital deepening effect has also played an important role in the present stability of the Canadian financial outlook (Harchaoui, et al., 2005, p. 36). 5- Bank of Japan and Bank of Canada Comparing the policies of the central banks of Japan and Canada each gives us more insight. There are a few studies that have been done on the comparative analysis. In one such study, Tomljanovich (2007) informs that the central banks of these two countries (including banks of other countries, as well) are on a constant pursuit of having open dialogue with the general public and this is in the efforts of increasing efficiency and reducing volatility in financial markets. In the case of Canada, which comes in the category of a majority of interest rate maturities, it is found that there is greater predictability in terms of market functions because there is a high flow of information to Canada and this flow coincides with sub-periods simultaneously to lower interest volatility rate. However, Japan (as well as Germany in this study) appears to be the only country in which there is no such evidence of lower interest volatility. Moreover the study shows that the central Bank of Japan and the central Bank of Canada both moved to greater transparency measures in the 1990s which shows that both these banks want to progress on the modern lines (p. 791). As for the policies of Canadian central bank, it is evident that there is inclination of these policies to those of the U.S. There is no doubt that Bank of Canada has greater interests in keeping these ties with the financial environment of the U.S. monetary and fiscal policies. However, Bank of Japan has stood on a very different turf that is of independence with dependence and of unique regulatory framework of all policies handled ever since World War II. There is no doubt that government like Canada and Quebec recognize China and Japan for their strategic partnership in the region of Asia. For this the credit goes to Japanese ever-growing economic curve which in turn holds credit for the policies that the central banking system of Japan for a long time formulated, ran, and implemented successfully (Inomata, 2002, p. 259). 6- Conclusion Examination of the policies of central Bank of Japan and the central Bank of Canada in detail reveal that both countries have to face challenges that emerge from their specific environment. There are similarities and differences in the approaches of the Banks of both the countries. One acute similarity is that both countries have moved to greater transparency and are considered successful banks on the international horizon. Another is that Banks of both these countries are focusing more on interest rate and inflation level stability. For this purpose, however, the approaches of the two banks are different; both are putting efforts to fight the challenge of unemployment. As for the differences, Japanese bank is legally dependent, whereas, Canadian bank is independent; yet there is this sharp observation that Bank of Canada looks at the U.S. financial environment for policy making, whereas, Japanese Bank looks at its own typical challenges that need to be tackled on the international f ront. Another important thing which comes out from this study of the two banking systems in two different countries is that both function in their own environment and that it is not possible to find acute similarities in both the systems because of different financial and social outlook of the countries. This is important to look into more details in these central banks and banks of other countries as well so that a sound analysis about policy making and other measure against present and upcoming challenges can be met.

Models of Decision Making

One poor decision that I made more than a year ago happened when I was a member of the committee of a small, preliminary business company somewhere in Texas, which was only starting to burst in less than ten years of operation.   Having read from articles that IT had become such an integral part of the business strategies of most companies nowadays because it made lots of money, assisted in terms of management and information, and that it kept records safer and faster, the thought made me think that IT was really what we needed.   We were on the brink of entering the next higher stage of business. We did brainstorming about the next strategy to implement by the following year, so that the business would be more successful and prominent for the next stage of business.   I suggested about investing with IT equipments, as this would have extended our markets and services to be able to reach out to more customers in further states.   The decision turned out to be a poor one because of misapprehension and negligence, as well as the wrong choice of strategy and application. Major Analysis Using the ‘rational model’ in making individual decisions, the decision that I used in performing an IT investment to the business can be outlined as follows: I. Forming the decision A.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identifying the problem 1. There was a problem in terms of functional and systems approach, as the manufacturing was not smooth and orderly, and the tasks were not done efficiently. 2.There was a problem when it came to supply chain management, especially that the ingredients should have already been ready by the time the orders were sent. 3.There was a problem when it came to efficient floor management, so that the preparation did not flow smoothly and quickly. B. Generating alternative solutions 1. Improve functional system by improving strategies, tasks, and goals. 2.Improve supply chain system by exchanging tighter coordination with the supplier companies. 3. Improve IT system by using the investment finance. C. Selecting a solution 1.The chosen alternative should solve or alleviate as much problems as it can handle. 2. The chosen alternative should be strategically and financially acceptable. 3.The chosen alternative should present values, information, and skills that could be availed from the existing environment. II.Negative consequences of the decision A.Negative financial consequences 1. About 68% of the total available fund did not bring about the expected results. 2.Overall profit landed at merely $97,000, with a loan amounting to $200,000 plus company expenses. B.Negative motivational consequences 1.The staffs and the committee lost motivation after being announced that the company had lost more than half of the expected returns. 2.The staffs and the committee lost motivation because the company almost fell to bankruptcy. C.Negative personal feedback 1. I lost my position as the second adviser of the finance administration. 2.I was almost fired from the company. III.Importance of the decision A.Importance to the company 1. The decision would have solved problems in functional, supply chain, and efficient floor management. 2.The decision would have created a link and opportunity with strong IT companies in the environment. B.Importance to the higher staffs 1.Improvement in the functional and efficient floor management would have led to higher profits and bigger returns. 2. Improvement in profits and returns would have led to bigger opportunities and investments. C.Importance to me 1.The decision, if it were successful, would have promoted me as the first adviser of the finance administration. 2. The decision, if it were successful, would have motivated me to do bigger projects amid the risks. Three decision theories, which were exercised in the planning and implementation of the decision were the following: First and foremost is the ‘rational model’, which centers on comprehensive rationality and the sense of the alternatives.   The rational model arrives at a decision by going over the four distinct steps: first is identifying the problem; second is generating alternative solutions; third is selecting the solution; fourth and final is implementing and evaluating the solution (Baker III, 2001, p.1).   It presents the decision-making process by helping me, first, in pointing out what exactly is the problem in the company; then by thinking of the alternatives that can be used, which would solve the issues that were at hand. Second decision theory that was used in the planning and implementation of the decision is the ‘political model’, which uses the organization as a coalition, with procedural rationality having to control the decision making process.   In this model, what controls are the following aspects: first is environmental uncertainty; second is resource dependence; third is task interdependence; fourth and final is goal conflict (Rotman School of Management, 2001, p.4).   The rationality of the procedure appears to be most important. Third theory that was used in the decision making process is the ‘instance-based model’, wherein decisions are based on instances and the chosen alternative sprouts through ‘accumulated experience’ (Gonzalez&Lebiere, 2004, p.8).   Because we have known other companies that became successful after investing in the IT, such as Vanguard Group, then it became reasonable for us that our company will also succeed in terms of IT investment.   We failed to conclude that the internal and external environments are two very important factors. Conclusion Based on my analysis in the recent pages, it appears that making judgments and decisions for a company should not rely solely on one person or group of persons.   There should be brainstorming from different groups that believe on different ways and strategies.   People make judgments almost too hastily.   Each factor should be analyzed slowly and efficiently, especially when it comes to the finances and the returns of the finances. As for me, I have learned the lesson that it takes two to tango†¦ not just two, in fact; the more there is then the better.   It is good to make decisions in pairs†¦ but a great deal better if we do them in numerous pairs. References Baker III, E.   (2001).   Decision making.   Retrieved November 23, 2007, from Dr. H. Eugene Baker’s Homepage: http://www.unf.edu/~gbaker/Man6204/Decision.PDF. Rotman School of Management.   (2001).   Contingency framework: models of decision making.   Retrieved November 23, 2007   

The topic is in details Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The topic is in details - Essay Example During disputes, each party has specific needs and wants. Conflict ensues because both differing parties do not agree about whose wants and needs takes precedence over the others’. Negotiation strives to create an environment where prioritization of interests can be achieved. In case prioritization fails, negotiation will help conflicting parties reach an agreement through balanced compromise of their respective interests. According to Smith (2000), such balanced compromise of interests creates fairness. However, conflicting parties may fail to agree because both sides may hold substantially different understanding and perspectives of fairness. An example of such a situation is seen in the ancient Melian-Athens conflict features in the Melian Dialogue by Thucydides. Prior to engaging in any negotiation or in understanding why two conflicting parties are engaging in a negotiation, it is appropriate to appraise the causative aspects of an underlying conflict. In addition, it is advisable to acknowledge the social, political and economic context in which conflicts and subsequent negotiations are taking place. Melian Dialogue by Thucydides covers events surrounding tribal conflicts in ancient Greece. Despite being a single empire, Greece was divided along its ethnic lines. Buckley (2010) said that there were two major divisions, the Athenians deriving its roots from the Ionians and the Spartans from the Dorian heritage. Sparta adopted an oligarchic political structure characterized by a few wealthy members of the society commanding and ruling the rest of the citizens. On the contrary, Athens was democratic and the wealthiest nation in Greece. In this case, both parties held contrary political, economic and social opinions which lead to growing tens ion between them. Sparta had allies, including Melos while Athens also had its allies. Increasing tension sparked a 10-year conflict marking the first phase of Peloponnesian war between Sparta and its allies

Deferent Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Deferent Situation - Essay Example Whether it is the basic needs or needs with a greater importance on this hierarchy, the needs have to be catered to and only than can a proper relationship be created between the workforce and the management. If one was to analyze the effect of money in terms of its role as a motivating tool, it could be seen that its effect is only short-lived and consistent usage of this tool could only result in dissatisfaction on the behalf of the workforce and an overall negative relationship would be created. The management needs to establish the needs before taking any action as a demotivated workforce can have serious negative effects of the productivity, and work quality. In order to cater to the higher needs along the pyramid such a the need of self-esteem etc, the management would need to make use of non-monetary motivating tools such as words of praise, acknowledgement of work, management by objectives etc which would allow the workforce to feel like an integral part of the company. Answer: 2 This paper would review two important components of power defined as visible and invisible power. Visible power as the words themselves explain is seen as the first face of power and is the vocal part of power itself. It can be evidenced through the participatory behavior in the decision making process and as a result, the decision making can be influenced as well. Having a pluralist sense of power, one is able to observe the effect and activities pertaining to this power as well. The other form of power which this paper would be looking at would be the invisible form of power. It can be defined as that power which allows the decision making bodies to shape the requirement and wants of the people according to their actions and decisions. One is able to observe this sense of power in the social, cultural, ideological values and norms as through our practices we are able to at out this sense of power. While visible power can be observed, that is not the case with this form of power as one s not always able to observe this sense of power. The sources of power are money, intelligence, hard work, information and lastly the position that a person has. The strength of these sources determines the strength f the power itself. The basic two components of power itself; motivation and resources-decide the level of power than an individual has. Those people who take a more hands-on approach and are seen as more active decision makers are usually described as visible power seekers wile those who sit on the sidelines merely observing and guiding the processes are defined as invisible power seekers. Answer 3: Summary diagram: Dioxin Produced Decrease in mercury levels PVCs decrease Greater biological swath Incinerators down b) The article presents a number of stakeholders and all of them have an interest in terms of their own earnings, health or community health. The following stakeholders were identified as having an interest this venture and

Determining the project charter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Determining the project charter - Assignment Example A recent study indicated we pay 20% more than other companies in our health care premium for our employees due to their health issues Our concern is the increased health care costs for providing insurance premiums for our own employees due to their ill health , which not only raises our internal expenditure but loss of man days through absenteeism leads to decreased productivity thus impacting the profitability of our organization. Hence we want to create a Recreation and Wellness Intranet Based Health Monitoring system for our employees where we want to introduce health improving strategies like involving employees in physical fitness programmes like soccer, jogging and other well being programmes during the recess period. Then stress reducing classes , motivating employees to quit smoking, manage Body Mass Index, making diet charts through dietetians and incentivizing those who attend these programmes. The implementation of the project will cost 2,50,000$ but the net savings over a 4 year time period would be around 30,00,000$ with a projected 30$ savings per employee/year considering 25000 employees with an additional profitability of 27,50,000$ in 4 years. Thus the implementation cost is only 10.5% of the profitability. Q4. Creating a mind map is useful rather than deploying task hierarchy because it gives an immediate project design plan and helps to assess the benefits and pitfalls of each step so the backup plans are ready and in times of real system failure can be implemented.

International Business and Global Strategy Coursework

International Business and Global Strategy - Coursework Example Electrolux gains the position of the world leader through the process of continuous innovation rendered in the products and processes of production. The activity of spontaneous innovation is practiced in the company however keeping an eye on changing consumer needs. Electrolux group operates based on popular brands like Electrolux, Eureka, AEG and Frigidaire. A current estimate released in 2010 reflects that the group recorded total sales of electronic products amounting to 106 billion in Swedish currency and a total number of human resources of 52,000 people (Electrolux, 2011). Company’s mission statement The mission of Electrolux as a company working on innovation and consumer needs is to help make life easier, enjoyable and innovative through the production of specialised products dedicated to such ends. The company in regards to its internal environment focuses on rendering respect and honour to the issues pertaining to workplace diversity and also in making the work envir onment bind on ethical regulations. Integrity being rated high on the company’s mission and value statement the company also works in creating a safer and sustainable work environment for its people. The above aspects help in enhancing the motivation of the people to work more productively in the innovative and empowered work atmosphere. Electrolux in addition to the above aspects also works in rendering both financial and infrastructural help to the larger social communities both regional and international and also in regards to helping the employees for their financial and other needs (Electrolux-a, n.d.). Company’s business-level and corporate-level strategy Business Level Strategy Speaking on Electrolux’s strategy at the business or tactical level it is worth mentioning that the company conducts a large amount of market research along different global regions to understand the changes in the level of consumer needs. This practice helps the company in designi ng its products accordingly to help meet local, regional and international consumer tastes. Again the company working on the aspect of innovation also focuses in keeping the cost of manufacturing of the products low to help gain competitive advantage. Thus the business strategy focuses on production of around 55 percent of its different products in such regions of the world having large availability of resources thus helping in keeping the costs of manufacturing low. Corporate Level Strategy The Corporate Level strategy of the company renders a bird’s eye view to the strategic activities carried out by the company in the tactical level. The management body of the company works to render salient characteristics to the product mix of the company by enhancing the parameters of innovation thus helping the consumers save on energy consumption. Innovative designs are rendered to the products by the company to help carve out a premium brand amidst the other international electronic brands in the global marketplace. Strategies like acquiring and consolidating other small electronic companies in different regions also

Analyse the impact of effective training on a company. Support your Essay

Analyse the impact of effective training on a company. Support your answer with examples - Essay Example In this essay, the highlight is on the impact of effective training that an organization experiences. Impacts Training helps to sharpen the decision-making skills of the employees. Training expounds what the organization of them, the steps to take in achieving tasks, and adhering to legal terms. It is observable that after training, they can make decisions that are more accurate. In a certain research, employees underwent training and surprisingly enough, their supervisors were observing more accuracy in performance (Starkel 2007, 17-18). For instance, it is important for jurors to have the ability to make very accurate and sane decisions owing to the complexity of their roles, so by constantly training them, they deliver more efficient and realistic verdicts. On another note, training reduces the behavioural risks of employees. Training equips them with knowledge on safety, skills, values, problem-solving, and hazard awareness. Regular effective training lowers injury rates as it pr ovides a safer working environment by equipping employees with skills in handling machinery and equipment. In addition to handling equipment, training enforces the strict implementation of procedures and rules (Kinder & Cooper 2008, p. 161-173). These aspects translate to the uninterrupted flow of events and save the employer and employee costs that would cater for treatment or replacement of machinery. For instance, farm workers require training on handling chemicals and farm equipment. Lack of keenness would otherwise result in injuries, fatalities, and damage to equipment. The daily routines of work at times contribute to psychosocial disorders such as depression and stress. The training to combat such includes stress management skills, counselling services, coping strategies and embracing healthy lifestyles (Kinder & Cooper 2008, p. 161-173). Organizations that train their employees to avoid and manage these risks maintain a healthy work force of motivated and competent workers translating to less interruption, maximum worker capacity, and less emergency leave requests. A good example is the organizational-level interventions in America and Europe where most employers include health promotion, relaxation, and education on coping strategies in their organizations’ work strategies. The training ensures that employees have a good understanding of the company’s working for the therefore cultivate job satisfaction in them. It keeps their esteem high thus, morale and loyalty to the job increases. These contribute to high performance and in addition to this; they are less likely to wander off in search of better opportunities if their current jobs please them (Barcus 2007, p.8-9). By having a workforce that is stable (constant) and highly motivated, the result is better yields and development of the organization. For instance, in an Information technology firm and with the knowledge of how fast technology evolves, one expects the employees to have f requent training and exposure to new aspects. If this is not the case, the employees might find it hard to deal with, or remain outdated in the changing trends. Such employees, given a better opportunity will desert the organization immediately. Training brings the general workforce of an organization together. During training, there is promotion of interaction in terms of participation, discussion, and sharing of

Master of Science in Integrated Marketing - Statement of Purpose Personal

Master of Science in Integrated Marketing - of Purpose - Personal Statement Example The limited experience I have gained as a marketer has shown me that I belong to the profession. I find it exciting, fulfilling, and challenging; therefore, a graduate degree in the discipline occurs to me almost by default. As an aspiring marketer, I have taken the initiative to be more competitive and marketable so long as I still seek personal and professional contentment. Marketing is one of the oldest aspects of modern business, and the opportunities are endless. Marketing is also one of the most lucrative professions, but I am aware that higher perks are commensurate with academic and professional competence. I am quite ambitious and driven individual, and I would not like to see other marketers grow while I struggle with my undergraduate degree. During my time as an intern, I witnessed the power of academic qualifications at play. In all the organizations I worked the managers held graduate degrees in their areas of specialization. The marketing managers possessed either a great deal of professional experience or had advanced certifications in marketing. This showed me that my growth as a marketer depends on how excellently I position myself. I have learned that professional growth resembles marketing in many ways. Like the products I market, I have to reinvent myself, excellently position myself, become visible, and prove that I am the best option available. The graduate degree in marketing is part of my positioning statement, marketing pitch, and competitive advantage. I am positive that by the time I complete the program I will be strategically positioned to exploit the opportunities and benefits created by my advanced degree. Marketing has become more competitive over time, and employers have also revised their strategies of hiring and recruiting marketing practitioners (Baaghil 25). Professional qualifications are no longer the main requirement for excelling in the field of

Out sourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Out sourcing - Essay Example Originally, outsourcing started as a simple way to cut down on personnel costs by the hiring of sub-contractors to do certain parts of the manufacturing process. This concept later on was expanded to other functions which a sub-contractor is better able to do and at a lower cost. Usually, the outsourced functions are those in the logistics, distribution, delivery and the other parts that usually constitute a supply chain of a large manufacturing or merchandising or any fast-moving consumer goods distribution company. The early sub-contractors were usually located just nearby, maybe in the next town or the next country. Gradually, it expanded to nearby countries (termed as near-shoring) and with the advent of better information technologies and improved means of transport, it later on still came to called as off-shoring (work sent out to faraway countries). The usual jobs outsourced are either back-office functions (accounting, auditing, finance, human resources, legal, etc.) or those with front-office responsibilities like customer service, order taking, sales, etc. The term for it now is business process outsourcing (BPO) which is construed to mean services. Discussion Benefits of Outsourcing - The original rationale or justification for sub-contracting and later on BPO was to cut down costs. When a certain function is outsourced, the usual benefit is transforming fixed costs into variable costs. This lessens the need to invest in infrastructure to increase capacity and at the same time allows the organization to respond more quickly to changes in markets in which it operates. The additional benefit is greater speed of response to sudden changes in the external environment. Perhaps a persuasive argument for outsourcing is to gain a key competitive advantage by allowing the firm to focus on its more core functions and let non-essential administrative functions be performed by an outside third-party supplier. Total global BPO industry is estimated at about $154 billion annually and is considered as a natural extension of the free-trade movement and the globalization of business and industry (Duening & Click, 2005:vii). The organizations using BPO now are more inclined towards to availing themselves of the lowest-cost provider wherever they are located on the world. Big improvements in information technology is largely responsible for a rapid growth of the BPO industry, hence it is sometimes termed as information technology-enabled services (ITES). It now includes content-rich materials such as newsletters, Power Point presentations, video and graphics animations, sales kits, teaching materials, etc. New BPO sub-sectors are knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) and legal process outsourcing (LPO) which is geared towards the production of outputs that are more knowledge intensive. The outsourced industry is growing at an estimated 10-12% compounded annual growth rate and has now expanded to jobs which normally required intensive education and ample technical training. An example is reading, analyzing and interpreting the X-ray and CT (computed tomography) scans of mostly American patients in outsourced business parks located in India, the Philippines and Russia. Outsourcing is a legitimate business strategy to enhance revenues or profits (Sople, 2009:43). As Business Strategy –

Mid term essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mid term essays - Essay Example There are many perspectives on this issue. But the answer to this question is rather simple. One issue with philosophy is that it has clouded many important debates in voluminous words and obscure theories. The books written on the subject are so difficult and confusing that they are not doing the good they must do to the society. The disparity between the understanding of a lay man and philosophy has harmed, in my opinion, the world. The answer is very simple. There is no point in this argument that a person has to be virtuous in order to perform a virtuous action. The first problem with this statement is that who and how this virtuous man will be defined. According to Aristotle a person is virtuous if he displays a moderate behavior that is a behavior that is between the two extremes (Bostock, 2000). He also believed that virtue is something that can only be learnt and one is not born a virtuous man. Without commenting on the Doctrine of Mean of Aristotle, I would like to agree with Aristotle on this part that virtue is acquired and is not something that a person enjoys from birth. The idea that virtue is learnt provides answer to our question. Virtue if learnt can be achieved by any person, and not just a virtuous person. Anyone can learn to become virtuous can in turn can perform a virtuous act. Even if a person has not acquired all the traits of a virtuous person, he can perform a virtuous action if he has learnt that particular virtuous behavior. We should understand this by an example. A person who has all the traits of a virtuous man in considered virtuous. Now if there is a person who has only some traits of a virtuous man, like he is honest and just, but not all traits of a virtuous man (he is not courageous) then he can perform virtuous (just and honest) acts. He may not be courageous but he can perform a virtuous act. If virtue is acquired and not granted by birth, then a person who is not courageous today can become courageous tomorrow. So

Compare contrast essay Essay Example for Free

Compare contrast essay Essay Novelist Paul Sheldon has plans to make the difficult transition from writing historical romances featuring heroine Misery Chastain to publishing literary fiction. Annie Wilkes, Sheldons number one fan, rescues the author from the scene of a car accident. The former nurse takes care of him in her remote house, but becomes irate when she discovers that the author has killed Misery off in his latest book. Annie keeps Sheldon prisoner while forcing him to write a book that brings Misery back to life. Compare Contrast Essay â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by: William Faulkner â€Å"Misery† by: Stephen King I’ve chosen to compare contrast â€Å"A Rose for Emily† By: William Faulkner with â€Å"Misery† By: Stephen King, Obsessive women, broken ankles, trapped men Suspenseful endings both of these stories have a lot in common. In Stephen King’s â€Å"Misery† A Famous Novelist named Paul Sheldon is transitioning his writing from Romance to Fiction. While on his way to Colorado from his winter hide away he is in a horrific car accident brought on by the harsh weather conditions. Thankfully the writer’s number one fan and former nurse Annie Wilkes lived nearby and saved Paul from freezing to  death. Annie Wilkes just like Miss Emily Grierson lived isolated and away from the world, though Miss Emily lived in the town Annie Wilkes didn’t Miss Emily Isolated herself socially by not leaving her home nor opening the door when people of the town came by. Annie However, actually lived in an isolated cabin in the mountains. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† people of the town feel sorry for her because after losing her father (page: 207 she was sick for a long time), But not long after they began seeing her with a gentle man named Homer Barran. A construction worker who had come into town to pave the sidewalks. After a year of being with Homer the towns folk began saying they would marry even though Homer claimed to like men (page: 209, He was not a marrying man). One evening after  ending their relationship Homer went to see Miss Emily using rat poison she killed him and let everyone believe he left and went on with his life while she hid his remains. Annie Wilkes didn’t kill Paul Sheldon, but took advantage of the fact that he had been put in critical condition due to the car accident she removed him from. For weeks she held him captive until he gave her favorite novel the proper ending it deserved. After noticing his several, sneaky attempts to escape Annie straps Paul to the bed and cripple s him by breaking both his ankles with a sledge hammer. Both of these women felt the need to keep these men hidden, trapped, and injured so they may stay with them forever. Miss Emily trapped Homer in death to stay with her since he had no interest in marrying her. In â€Å"Misery† Prior to having his ankles broken Paul finds newspaper clippings of previous victims of Annie where she was never convicted, He then realizes he may be next on her list. Soon after crippling Paul an officer drops by to see if Annie was aware that Novelist Paul Sheldon was missing and they were searching for him. Paul hears the officer and yells for help when Annie hears his screams she kills the officer and Paul is left once more to endure her gruesome punishment. Neither one of the men could predict what was going to happen to them, but Homer didn’t endure being tortured nor was he held captive for weeks. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Miss Emily was never caught nor suspected for the  disappearance of Homer. After the death of Miss Emily and after her services the town folk were curious to see   the inside of her home. (page 211, there was one room that no one had seen in forty years, and which would have to be forced). After entering the room they noticed mens toiletries, suits, ties and a pair of shoes even more so they noticed the man in her bed, His well over rotten body lay there in a nightshirt and next to him they could see where Miss Emily would lay beside him every night after his death. Unlike Miss Emily Annie didn’t get away with what she did to Paul, after killing the officer Paul tricks her into buying Champagne and cigars to celebrate the return of Misery, while setting up for their night of celebration Paul lights the re-written novel on fire and throws it. Annie begins to put out the flame when Paul slams his typewriter on the top of her head and shoves pieces of the burned novel pages into her mouth, she then dies of a fractured skull. Sometime after Paul is rescued by police. Both of these stories where great and though they are in different settings the characters shared similar physiological problems and depression. I think if both of these women met and could ever be in the same story there would be gory, suspenseful, torturing of men. I would like to read a book where Stephen King and William Faulkner write a story sharing both their ideas, I think it would be very interesting, thrilling and great to read.

PETRONAS Company Overview and Analysis

PETRONAS Company Overview and Analysis PETRONAS is the short for Petroliam National Berhad. As an incorporated company, it was founded on the 17th of August 1974. It was wholly owned and controlled by the government of Malaysia. PETRONAS has ventured into more than 32 countries including Argentina, Russia and Egypt. It currently employs over 30, 000 employees of 38 nationalities. PETRONAS has involved in the entire petroleum activities. From managing the sharing contractors of the foreign production, it has been changed into developing its own capabilities in the upstream sector allow it to take the lead in the exploration and production of the nations oil and gas resources. Vested with the entire oil and gas resources in Malaysia, PETRONAS is entrusted by the government to develop and add value to these resources. Besides that, it also ventured into downstream activities. It seeks to maximize value creation and strengthen of its operations all the way down the value chain. The range downstream activities of PETRONAS includes oil refining, gas processing and liquefaction, gas transmission pipeline operations, petrochemical manufacturing and marketing, property investment, shipping, marketing of liquefied natural gas, marketing and distribution of petroleum products, and trading. Internal Environment There is a high level of interdependence between an organization and its internal environment. The internal environment comprises elements that have a direct influence on the operations of the organization. They have an impact on the achievement of the organizations goals. The Micro forces of the environment are: Vision and Mission PETRONAS is a big organization and a corporation which is widely known to the world as a company that exports Malaysian oil. Being a big organization, PETRONAS has its very own vision and mission to achieve its common goal and to serve its customers the best service they can provide. As we all know vision is a long-term plan that exists in almost every company or organization. PETRONASs vision statement is to be a leading oil and gas multinational of choice. It is hoping to become a worldwide known organization and also the first choice among all other oil companies present so far. PETRONAS mission statements, on the other hand, are as follows: We are a business entity. Petroleum is our core business. Our primary responsibility is to develop and add value to this national resource. Our objective is to contribute to the well-being of the people and the nation. (PETRONAS, 2010) The mission and vision PETRONAS believes has made it grows tremendously since it was incorporated in the month of August on the 17th in the year 1974. It is now a fully-integrated oil and gas corporation which is ranked among FORTUNE Global 500s largest corporation in the world. Organizational structure Organizational structure is the internal, formal framework of a business that shows the way in which management is linked together and how authority is transmitted. (Stimpson, 2006) PETRONAS adopts the functional organization structure. It enables specialization and allowing its employees to focus on their respective areas. There is cross functional bonds between the respective divisions and departments. It is the bond and process of specialization that has led to the success of the organization. Team work is encouraged, all the departments work together to achieve the companys goals and targets. This has proved to rewarding for the organization as a whole and the employees, customers, suppliers and the community as a whole. The line of authority is clearly drawn, orders are sent from the top most level, the president and the CEO. PETRONAS has also hired consultants to improve business and organization results. Functional Strategies Corporate Planning and development division This division plans long term and short term business strategies which lead to the development of the organization. Education division This division undertakes the responsibility of all the educational activities associated with PETRONAS. It involves the scholarships provided by University Technology PETRONAS and the education programs provided to the underserved community. Finance division The Finance division provides the company with its accounting and financial reporting backbone of the company. Its role is to identify financial sources to finance the operations of the company and to locate profitable areas where the business can invest their money to get higher returns. PETRONAS is involved in the sports world through its investment with Mercedes F1team. It has also contributed towards the development of Turkmenistan economy, by investing US dollar $ 1.8 billion in the oil and gas industries. Technical Services division This division is set up to drive and manage the technological activities of PETRONAS. Human Resource division The most important function of the human resource department is recruitment, selection and training of employees among others. PETRONAS selects the best and brightest of employees through talent searches amongst local and overseas graduate. PETRONAS trains and molds its own employees through technical training and innovative program provided in University Technology PETRONAS. Shareholders Shareholders of a firm can directly influence its policies and activities. PETRONAS shareholder is the government. It generates income and value for its shareholder. PETRONAS gave the government RM 52.3 billion from its RM86.8 billion pre-tax profit, in the form royalty, dividends, corporate tax, income tax and export duty. PETRONAS provides shareholders with the opportunity to gain first hand exposure on the Companys operations by organizing several visits to its Gas Processing Plants. Such two-way communication increases corporate transparency and helps shareholders take a longer term view of their investment based on a better understanding of the companys corporate strategy and operation. PETRONAS recognizes the importance of timely and equal dissemination of information to shareholders. Therefore they arrange the Annual General Meeting (AGM) which is a crucial mechanism in shareholders communication. Employees PETRONAS must be committed to enhancing the capability of its employees, as a corporation is only as good as the people who work for it. This phrase is from PETRONAS mission statement. Employees are the most important asset of an organization, since it is the dedication, motivation and skills of an employee that make a business successful. PETRONAS highly values its employees and understands the importance of their motivation. Therefore it arranges various programmes to encourage and support its employees by involving them in voluntary work. Programmes such as Sentuhan Kasih and Jalinan Insan allow their employees to contribute to homes for disadvantaged children and orphans in the areas of their operations. These programmes provide the employees with job satisfaction, which in return highly motivates them to perform better. Community Lord Holme and Richard Watts used the following definition. Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large The culture now is to be generous by giving back to the community. Therefore organizations have certain responsibility towards the community they work in. PETRONAS is a responsible citizen of the community, thus is has successfully imitated and supported various social, environmental and community projects. PETRONAS and Education PETRONAS is committed is developing the people and they operate in by providing education particularly in the field on science and technology. They are determined to create a skilled human resource base for Malaysia through various schemes. Scholarships University technology PETRONAS (UTP) provides hands on technical training and innovative programs to help employees build skills and competencies. PETROSAINS provides a rich and motivating environment for the public to acquire knowledge about science and technology. PETRONAS benefits from this program since they are molding their own workforce, by educating them in standards which are important to PETRONAS. PETRONAS and Environment PETRONAS recognizes the importance of conserving biological diversity in order to ensure people, animals and plants. Therefore they developed the KUALA LUMPUR CITY CENTRE (KLCC) PARK, to balance the challenging demands of growing urban populations, with the environmental conservation. A much needed public park and green lung for the city of Kuala Lumpur. External Environment External environment refers to the factors that happen outside the business which cannot be controlled by the business. These factors will influence the internal functions of the business and its strategies to adapt itself to the changing environment. Political Environment The Malaysian government chose to create a state company, rather than using taxes, production limits, leasing, or other familiar instruments of supervision. The government sought to assert national rights over the use of the countrys resources. A state company, having both supervisory powers over the majors and production activities of its own, was a workable compromise between allowing the majors full rein and excluding them, along with their capital and expertise, altogether. PETRONAS is given full trust by Malaysia government to conduct business independently from the government. Government holds 100% of PETRONAS and formulates and implements energy policies including oil gas. The company cooperates with the government for the common purpose to develop the country to achieve the level of advanced countries. Regarding the relationship between PETRONAS and the government, one executive in the company said, There is a world, especially in the Third World, where only the government and the government (GG) can open the first door. He claimed that there is the world which does not function well with the absence of mutual trust between the government and the national oil company. Legal Environment Legal concepts, principles and issues are affecting everyday business decisions of all organizations. PETRONAS is a multinational organization. Therefore the company is subjected to laws in all of its host countries. Petroleum Development Act 1974 To regulate the oil and gas industry to achieve Malaysias economic development needs, Petroleum Development Act 1974 was formulated, and PETRONAS was established under this act. Through this act, PETRONAS owns the exclusive right of ownership, exploration and production of petroleum and gas. Under the direct purview of Malaysias Prime Minister, PETRONAS is responsible for its planning, investment and regulation of all up-stream activities. Government Taxation PETRONAS is liable to pay to the Federal and State Government in terms of dividends, taxes, export duties and royalties. In the year of 2009, PETRONAS has paid RM 30.0 billion as dividends, RM20.3 billion as income tax, RM 9.1 billion as corporate income tax, RM 2.2 billion as export duties and RM 6.2 billion as royalties to the government (PETRONAS: Media Release, 2009). Laws Regarding Employee Benefits On the other hand, nearly all government pass laws to control recruitment, employment, minimum wages, health and safety at work, and trade union rights of employees. One of its aims is to protect the workers from any kind of physical injuries. It requires the working environment in PETRONAS to be safe with adequate equipment and sanitation. However, these requirements usually add up to the business cost. Consumer Rights In addition, PETRONAS has to protect consumer rights. The Consumer rights seek to protect the rights and interest of consumers, as well as to prevent them from receiving products that do not reach a reasonable level of safety. PETRONAS sternly practices this as to ensure maximum popularity amongst other oil and gas company as well as looking after customer satisfaction. Economical Environment Economical environment refers to the collective of the nature of economic system in the country. It would affect a business in terms of recession, interest rates, exchange rates and global economic factors. Recession Recession is the process when values of goods and services decline in an economy. It results in the fall of demand for certain products, as income is reduced. To keep the demand on going, the prices of products are lowered. According to an article by Jane Lee in 2009, net income of PETRONAS in the year ended March 31 dropped 14%. It was its first annual profit decline in 7 years due to sapped energy demand in global recession and high production cost. Interest rates During inflation, there will be increase in the supply of money associated to the amount of goods available. This will result in a rise in prices of goods and services in the economy over a period of time. For PETRONAS, the high interest rates and fall of purchasing power would consequently affect the cash flow of the organization. Oil Price Oil Price has strong relationship with PETRONAS sales performance. When oil price in Malaysia increase, its sales will strongly increase, and when oil price in Malaysia decrease, its sales also decrease. Technological Environment In order to adapt itself to the rapid growing technological environment, an organization has to be versatile and recognises the value of technology to its business growth. PETRONAS is a technology dependent organization that promotes and uses technology vastly for research and development. It pursues the strategic deployment and application of technology to further enhance operational excellence and maximize the potential of its existing assets and emerging opportunities. Technology in Gas Business In the Gas Business, PETRONASs technology emphasizes on mercury management. With the initiatives to remove mercury from raw condensates, the onshore mercury removal system, a technology that is among the first in the world, has been installed at PETRONAS Onshore Gas Terminal in Kertih. This system is able to treat raw condensates at the terminal, to improve operational and Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) performance as well as to assure product quality. Technology in Oil Business In the Oil Business, PETRONAS continue to pursue leading edge technologies to enhance its fuels and lubricants businesses. PRIMAX 3, the unleaded petrol, was developed in-house utilizing a superior quality fuel formulation innovated by optimising base fuel properties through the addition of the Sinar G-05 additive (PETRONAS: Oil Business, 2010). While meeting environmental standards, it enhances engine performance and efficiency. In addition, PETRONAS also believes there are opportunities in alternative energy resources and continue to explore the potential of hydrocarbon resources as well as solar energy and bio-fuels. In building a long term and sustainable energy business, the company looks toward Green Technologies to prepare for the future low-carbon economy. These technologies are believed to be providing a strong competitive advantage for PETRONAS to strengthen its position in global business. Competition In any of the industry, there must be competition among organizations. An organization will try to get more customers to buy their product instead of the one offered by the competitors. The success of organizations depends on which one makes the most attractive products at lower prices. The major competitors to PETRONAS are Shell and Caltex. They produce different type and efficiency of petrol. PETRONAS PETRONAS has designed PETRONAS PRIMAX 3 to provide maximum protection and performance for your car. By formulating with unique additive components, PETRONAS PRIMAX 3 efficiently protects the engine against injector fouling and corrosion, reinstating the car to its peak performance to improve fuel economy. Shell However, Shell is the leader in developing high quality fuels. Shell Super with fuel economy formula is specially designed by Shell experts to give you extra miles at no extra cost. It is formulated with Shells Synthetic Viscous Friction Improver, designed to reduce friction in this crucial part of your engine, helping to improve its efficiency. Caltex On the other hand, all Caltex petrols now include technologically-advanced, patented fuel ingredient, Techron ®. Caltex Techron with cleaning agent is unsurpassed at keeping engines clean and cleaning up deposits to help reinstate original performance. It contains powerful detergents which help in removing deposits from fuel injectors intake ports and valves. The key benefits for using Techron ® are improved performance, enhanced reliability, smoother drive, restored fuel economy and lower emissions. Comparing these petrol brands, each of them has its own strengths. They are having a healthy competition in the petrol industry with the same goal to provide the best petrol they could produce. Social Environment Social environment refers to the factors regarding the society as well as the environment. An organization needs to have social responsibilities in order to contribute to the people of the society and to protect natural environment. Social Responsibility on Consumer Many companies are affected by society and vice-versa. For PETRONAS, it was noticed that consumers are the foundation of the entire business, and dissatisfied customer could be a warning signal to the business. Therefore, it has to take care of societal needs and safeguard human rights. For example, it concerns about the safety and health of consumers. It has to make sure that it supplies safe products to the consumers and provides product knowledge via advertisements, as well as ensures product utility and performance as advertised. Social Responsibility on Environment In undertaking its business activities, PETRONAS cares for the environment by adopting responsible environmental management practices in its operations. At the same time, it also contributes to the biodiversity and conservation of the environment for the sake of the community. PETRONAS is taking every practicable and reasonable step to prevent the risk of injuries, health hazards and damages to properties in according to international Health, Safety and Environment standards. It is also investing in community-related initiatives in environmental conservation and urban renewal, both in Malaysia and other countries. These community projects aimed to create sustainable benefit and tangible value to the communities. Conclusion Over the years, PETRONASs unique experience and expertise, coupled with its technical and operational competencies have allowed it to be accepted as the preferred strategic partner by international companies and the host countries. Facing the adverse business and economic environment, PETRONAS is still able to integrate, add value and globalize its operations. These would bring the company towards the realization of its vision to become a Leading Oil and Gas Multinational of Choice. Moving forward, PETRONAS will continue to improve its business performance, strengthen its resilience and enhance its capabilities to confront the challenges in delivering a sustainable energy future for all its stakeholders. Moreover, it will guided by its objective to serve the nation and people with high standards of ethics and integrity, while at the same time maximizing shareholders returns. (3022 words)

major moral conflict in antigone

major moral conflict in antigone Moral Conflict in Antigone Essay The major moral conflict in Antigone by Sophocles is the conflict over which value is most fundamental. The play presents the moral conflict over whether the gods law or the citys law is more powerful. This seems to be the most prominent theme. The conflict arises mainly between the tragic heroes Antigone and her uncle-in-law Creon, King of Thebes. The city of Thebes had been through a war in which Antigone and her sister Ismene have lost both of their brothers to it, Eteocles and Polyneices. Eteocless fighting for Thebes was buried and honored as a hero. (lines 24-26) Polyneices was left unburied and dishonored because he is considered an enemy of the city. (lines 27-32) Creon edicts that whoever broke the law by burying Polyneices will be considered a criminal. (lines 203-209) The conflict between Antigone and Creon arises when she decides she must honor her brothers death and gives him burial. (line 72) I myself will bury him, she expressed to Ismene. Once Antigone has buried her brother, she is brought before King Creon to explain her actions. (p. 177) Sophocles presents the two sides of the conflict, moral law versus city law; Antigone expresses the side of moral law and Creon expresses his side with the laws of the city. Antigone begins by telling her sister Ismene it was her duty as a sister that she should bury her dead brother. It is a duty she owes to her family. She also expresses that the king will not keep me from my own. In other words, duty to the family is above her duty to the city. Antigone also tells Ismene that she is willing to become a criminal and die for her beliefs. She believes her death will not be in vain, and it is honoring her family; and the gods, in turn, will recognize that as true honor. She continues by saying that she woul d rather please her dead brother than the city, so she disobeys the law. (line 89) When a messenger comes to Creon, bringing the news that Antigone has buried her brother, he begins his arguments why Antigone has broken the law. He begins by stating that a man shows what he is made of by his skill in rule and law. In other words, the law is everything and as a ruler, he must do everything for his country. He considers Polyneices an enemy of the city and a threat to the security of the city as well. Thus Polyneices will be called a traitor in life and in death and dishonored. The scene when Antigone and Creon face each other is the opportunity for both to defend themselves. Creon questions Antigone. She bases her responses on that the city laws proclaiming her as illegal are not the laws of Zeus or laws proclaimed by gods, but rather, laws made by a man that one day will also die. She will honor her brothers death because this is what the gods have proclaimed for all mankind. (lines 460-463) In the dialogue between Creon and Antigone she also defends herself when he questions her as to why an enemy should be honored. She responds by saying she loved her brothers and her family, and they are not her enemies. Creon also asked Antigone why she was the only one defying him. She answers him by saying that there are many others who do not speak out because they fear him. (lines 508-509) Antigone offers one last argument in stating that she loves her family and will welcome death because she will join her dear family. If she has broken any of the gods laws, she will know when she dies. She believes that good-will will have come from her death. (lines 878-882) Creon responds to Antigone by calling her a criminal. She has disobeyed his law. If he lets her live, he will become a liar in the eyes of the city. (pp. 186-187) Creon considers himself as a good ruler; good rules cannot possibly allow his own family to rebel against him, in being disobedient because others will do the same. A good ruler must also put the laws and country above everything else. If he allows disobedience, it will destroy everything. (line 671) Part of the conflict is also presented by Haemon. Haemon is Creons son and Antigones future husband. Haemon comes to offer his father and advice. He tells his father the people of the city are calling him unjust for killing Antigone. Haemon advises his father that a good ruler is one that is open-minded and not ashamed of learning something new. The city wants Creon to let the girl live. (lines 692-695) Haemon also tells his father if he goes through with his determination of killing Antigone, he will be dishonoring the gods. Haemon calls his fathers judgment empty. (p. 190) Another aspect of city laws versus gods laws is presented by the prophet Teiresias. He also advises Creon to leave the dead man alone. (lines 1027-1030) Creon will not gain anything by killing one over a dead man. Creon is held steadfast on his belief; not even Zeus himself will change his mind. (line 1040) The prophet says to Creon that the best thing a man has is his ability to listen to advice. (line 1050) Tieresiass conclusion by telling Creon if he kills Antigone he would have dishonored the gods and will pay for it. (line 1072) In presenting Antigones and Creons views, Sophocles makes the reader realize Creon is acting unjustly. He refuses to see the good in Antigones actions. He also has placed a bigger value in the laws and the city than the love for his family, his son, daughter-in-law, mothers, and sisters. He refuses to see the laws of the gods until the prophet tells him he will pay. (line 1070) Antigone never questions the love for her family as Creon never questions what he considers his duty to the city until the end when his actions have led to the death of Antigone, Haemon and his wife. This conflict could be resolved rationally if Creon was able to listen to the advice of his son Haemon and the prophet Teiresias. Both advise him not to take action against Antigone. The laws of the city are dishonoring the laws of the gods. A case of internal conflict is presented in the person of Ismene. She too is very distraught by the death of her brothers and all of the tragedy that has fallen upon her family. (lines 50-60) The conflict is shown by all of the arguments she offers Antigone for not helping her with the burial of Polyneices. The first one is that she does not want the wrath of city law to fall on her. (line 58) She continues by adding that Antigone and she are only women that cannot fight men. (line 62) She also says she must be obedient to city laws and those who are stronger, no matter how painful it could be. (line 63) Lastly, Ismene says she shall yield on this to the authorities. (line 67) Its further proof of her internal conflict when upon her sisters fate Ismene confronts Creon and tells him she had a part in Polyneices burial. (line 537) She is willing now to join Antigone in her troubles and is not ashamed to admit it. (line 539) She is willing to join Antigone in death. In the case of Ismene, her character is able to resolve the conflict on her own. She realizes she is nothing without her family and Creons laws have taken her family away. The conflict presented in Antigone involves all the characters and tragic heroes. Whether its internal conflict or conflict between two people, the theme is present throughout the entire play. Opposing views lead the main characters to take actions that eventually destroy all.

Insights on Style :: Style Writing Styles Essays

Insights on Style A writer sits down on his hickory brown leather upholstered chair in a lowered den of a cape-cod house in the country. He slips his bifocals up the ridge of his nose and pulls his typewriter with both arms to a comfortable typing distance. He is now ready to write and write with style. He has in mind that his certain eloquence will provide cohesion, concision and elegance that will be clear and concise so the reader will be able to determine exactly the message he is portraying. He begins with the intent to be clear, concise and understood. Making an impression on a reader is the idea I have about style. When a completed composition is read, there should be a feeling of understanding and comprehension about a certain idea, thought or consciousness. But, â€Å"Who can confidently say what ignites a certain combination of words, causing them to explode in the mind (Strunk and White, pg. 66)?† This is true in most cases; it is not the combination of words that cause a mind to stir but the way it creates thought and stimulus that create an explosion. There is a conscious effort required to give a work of writing style. Two major contributions to the subject of â€Å"good writing† are the books Style: toward Clarity and Grace by Joseph M. Williams and The Elements of Style by William Strunk Jr. and E.B. White. Before I explain about what it is I gained from these two books about style I want you to get an overall, summed-up insight to the books. Strunk Jr. and White have an idea and knowledge of â€Å"g ood writing† and call it style. In their book, The elements of Style, I can depict it like this: they give you the paint, paintbrush, canvas and the tools and say â€Å"This is what style is made of.† Williams, in his book paints a picture and says â€Å"this is style,† leaving the color out and letting that be determined by the reader. â€Å"We visibly organize essays, articles, reports, memoranda into paragraphs, subsections and major sections to signal readers that we have finished developing one part of an idea and are moving to another, to a new thought.

The Authors Depiction of Warfare in Beowulf :: Poems Literature Essays

The Author's Depiction of Warfare in Beowulf The poem Beowulf is set in a time when warfare was prevalent. The epic poem is believed to have been composed sometime between the early eighth century and the tenth century, A.D. During this time, war between tribes co-existing within the same region, as well as war between tribes from afar, was a common occurrence. The author of Beowulf acknowledges this fact often. However, it is not clear whether his or her opinion is that of a pacifist or an activist, with regard to such violence. The narrator emphasizes that the power, nobility and greatness of a warrior are often enhanced by his successfulness in battle. The fact that good things may be achieved through war, suggests that the narrator considers warfare to be a necessary evil. Whether the author sees warfare as good or bad, he recognizes its importance in the creation and molding of great leaders during this violent era. The author believes that war is not a situation that can be avoided. He also points out the importance of generosity on the part of those who will inevitably be drawn to battle, saying: "And a young prince must be prudent like that, so that afterward in an age when fighting starts steadfast companions will stand by him and hold the line" (Norton 20). Notice that he does not say "if fighting starts," but rather "when fighting starts." This tone suggests that war is to be expected and is an unavoidable aspect of life. The fact that success in warfare is an important factor in becoming a great leader is illustrated in the first few lines of the poem. Here, the author equates courage and greatness with the qualities of men, such as Shield Sheafson, who prove themselves powerful in battle. We are told that the founder of the Danish royal line was a: "scourge of many tribes, a wrecker of mead-benches, rampaging among foes...he would flourish later on as his powers waxed and his worth was proved" (4). In fact, the author rarely introduces any powerful king or lord without describing, to some degree, the victories which created and enhanced such power. A fully armored warrior is depicted as being very noble. He is a man to be looked up to and respected. This is plainly illustrated when Beowulf and his warriors first land in Denmark and are questioned by the coast guard.

Impact of Cosmetic Advertisements on Women Essay -- Advertising Market

The Shape of America As marketing strategies have evolved, they have enhanced the ability of advertisers to communicate to the "masses" more effectively than ever before. This ability has allowed advertisers to not only reach more markets, but to be more influential in the decision making process of the audience. American society, especially young women, is being influenced by advertisers more now than in previous generations. It is not by accident that teenagers and young adults are targeted by advertisers, especially since their purchasing power as a group exceeds that of any other consumer group. Not only have advertisers learned to identify specific products that appeal to men and women, but they have also found that the "want" of the consumer can be turned into a "need" for the advertised product. Many of the beauty product companies advertise their products as a "need" which ultimately appeals to a vast majority of women. Estee Lauder’s beauty product is one such advertiser. In an August 2004 issue of Vogue magazine, enclosed was a two-page ad campaign intended to sell Estee Lauder’s â€Å"Future Perfect Anti-Wrinkle Radiance Moisturizers SPF.† This advertisment is appealing to the consumer because it stresses the importance of remaining young by the use of this product. This advertisement then goes further to stress that, â€Å"The past is forgiven, the present is improved, and the future will be perfect.† This advertisement includes three alluring models, all of which are of different ethnicity but essentially have the same physical attributes. This image is used to appeal to all sorts of American women. The models all have famished bodies; this includes their angular, somewhat gaunt faces and protruding collarbones. Located right below this image is the company’s slogan which reads, â€Å"ESTEE LAUDER. Defining Beauty.† The attempt is made with this adverti sement to define beauty with images of starved and malnourished models which Estee Lauder claims to be the standard for beauty. Estee Lauder is presenting its view of beauty to the consumer as the defining truth. The issue with the advertisment is the acceptance by the consumer that the Estee Lauder definition of beauty is truthful and factual. The targeted audience for this advertisement is women of all ages. Beauty is something extremely important to women and is constantly being reinforced in the socie... .... Of course these women are not "real" women, but far to often do women take drastic measures look like these fashion models; this eventually will lead to eating disorders or severe depression. According to Natural Health magazine, 44% of women who are average or underweight think that they are overweight. The average woman's dress size is 12 and the average mannequin/model's dress size is 4 (NBC.com); this makes women feel as if they will never be good enough. According to Melissa Raftery, "When we open a magazine, we never see some 400-pound woman on the first page. Instead we see a woman who is 23% skinnier that the average American woman" (What Is Beauty?). Unfortunately, Estee Lauder is not the only beauty product company that puts forth this â€Å"definition of Beauty† and beauty product companies are not the only companies â€Å"defining beauty.† As long as the targeted market continues to buy into the advertisers â€Å"perfection line,† the advertiser s will continue to deceive the public. For those who are gullible enough to believe this line of advertising, Estee Lauder ensures confidence and beauty all in one product. After all, their slogan does read, â€Å"ESTEE LAUDER. Defining Beauty!†

Coffee †Brazil Essay

The story seems to begin in Ethiopia, where the coffee berry grew wild. Goatherds there noted that goats which ate leaves and berries of the plant remained awake all night. The Arabs claim that they developed the plant during the reign of Mohammed (c675 AD). Believe that if you wish – we are going with the Ethiopian story. Consumed originally as a food, it would take on the character of a medicinal and eventually that of a social drink. The coffee tree grows to a height of 14 to 20 feet, producing (along with bright green leaves and white flowers) a berry which, as it matures, goes from green to yellow to red. Harvested red, they are placed in water so that the good berries will sink and all the debris will float. The berries are then pulped to extract the beans, there being two beans per berry, the beans having a bluish-green color. Next they are dried and cured for several weeks, becoming hard and yellow. Roasting is next, at the high temperature of 900 degrees Fahrenheit for 17 minutes, then they are stored (aged) and eventually ground into coarse granules. One is obliged to wonder how this all came about: who was the first to decide that roasting the beans would do anything good to them? The decaffeinated type of coffee is made by treating the green beans with chlorine-based solvents prior to the rest of the process. There are some 30 species of the plant, the most important being: Brazilian, Mild, Robusta (or â€Å"African†) and Arabian, the last being the predominant tree of the Americas. Discovered by Arabs traveling in Ethiopia in the 13th century, it was taken to Arabia and flourished at Mocha in Yemen, where the Arabic name for it was â€Å"qahwah† and from that word to â€Å"coffee†. It’s popularity steadily increased. In the 1500s it arrived in Turkey, and in Italy in the 1600s. About this time, establishments for preparing the drink (â€Å"coffee houses†) sprang up all over Europe. In 1714 the French succeeded in bringing a live cutting to their island of Martinique, and, from that single plant, coffee growing spread throughout Central and South America. Meanwhile, the Portuguese introduced the plant into their colony of Brazil, where it took readily. In fact, Brazil today produces 25% of the world’s coffee, and Central and South America combined produces two-thirds of the world’s supply. Since coffee grows in Java and Southeast Asia, an alternate name for coffee is â€Å"java†. Then Starbucks came along and showed how coffee could be jazzed up by adding other things to it. At a hefty price.

Convolutional Neural Network

Convolutional unquiet Net exertion A boon for dark nervus seventh cranial nerveis acknowledgement in biometrics.Vishalakshi Rituraj1, look into Scholar-phD (CS), Magadh University, Bodhgaya.Email id emailprotectedcomShyam Krishna Singh2, Associate Prof., Mathematics Dept., A. N. College Patna.Abstract-To mean solar day Biometric recognition dodgings argon gaining much acceptance and lots of universality cod to its wide application atomic number 18a.They are considered to be much secure compared to the traditional watchword base rules. Research is being do to improve the biometric protection to tackle the endangerment and challenges from surroundings. counterfeit intelligence information has played a signifi go offt role in biometric security. Convolutional nervous entanglement (CNN) belongs to AI family, has been designed to work a little desire compassionate brain but non exactly, handles the complexity and variations in seventh cranial nerve nerve para digms very effectively.This theme is going to focus on unsubstantial erudition, machine schooling, indistinct information and how a CNN carries stunned facial signal contracting.Keywords- Biometrics, skittish mesh, Learning, convolution, neurons, recipe Recognition.1) Introduction-The increasing de cosmosd of engine room in all(prenominal) and every expanse of our lives has raised the risk of information security in parallel. From the very ancient time, man is putting his go around effort to build his things secured. exactly today in this digital world, we are facing more businesss callable to impostors and other(a) typesetters cases of security hacks. Besides these, the unexpended merciful nature has ceaselessly been assay to do something rude(a) and to cross the predefined boundaries. Intelligence is a by birth homo quality but now a days, technology has do motorcars to think and come like us to some extent.This judgment of manmake intelligence c reated by rigorous rehearse of complex mathematical operations and intrusive algorithms is known as colored Intelligence (AI). When we saw the AI utilize in Hollywood movie TERMINATOR, we didnt so far say the concept of such a impertinent machine that could handle antithetical situations.But now, it seems im realistic is going to be possible due to AI as it has heart-to-heart the door of a completely new world of opportunities. unlifelike intelligence is a branch of ready reck acer science aiming to gather a computer, robot, or a software package think intelligently, in the same behavior the intelligent humans think and it has been prove very useful where traditional recursive solutions dont work wellhead.We are utilise AI based applications everywhere in our day to day life, such as- spam filters in gmail account, plagiarism checker, Googles intelligent prediction in web searching, suggestions on exhibitbook and Youtube and m either more. The primary(prenominal ) purpose of designing AI dust is to include the following areas-PlanningLearningProblem Solving human body RecognitionSpeech/ nervus facialis RecognitionNatural words puzzle outingCreativity, and many more.Neural mesh topologys and deep knowledge, a branch of AI actually brook the best methods to solve many problems associated with the Biometric stylemark. Biometrics is a noble technique for in the flesh(predicate) authentication either on the dry land of physical attribute (fingerprint, iris, manifestation, palm, hand, DNA etc.) or behavioral (Speech, signature, keystroke etc.).As we all know, our type is wizard of the wonderful creations of God and the alone(predicate) diversities among all spunks help us to dissever one another. Facial recognition is the scurrying growing field because a braggart(a) no. of applications is adopting it. Recently, Apple launched its face recognition form equipped iPhone X on 12 Sept 2017 and it is claimed that it can call the fac e in dark or even when owner has various hairstyle or look as well.Apple says that the facial recognition cannot be spoo cater by using a photograph or even a mask 1.(2) Application areas of Facial Recognition- Facial biometric recognition is being popular due to its wide range of applications and it can easily be deployed and integrate anywhere if on that point is modern high commentary camera. Some of the trending applications are-Many electronic devices are integrated with face biometric to eliminate the carry of passwords and and so providing enhanced security and accessing method.Facebooks automatic facial sensing skylark recognizes our friends faces with pretty advanced accuracy and starts suggestion based on it.Criminal realisation has become unsophisticatedr by break off recognition of facial two-bagger done CCTV surveillance. It may minimize traffic hulk breaking and road accidents.Some universities use facial recognition constitution as a tool to monitor the attendance of the students so that the management cannot be fooled by let students to sign in behalf of others.ESG Management domesticate in Parisis usingfacial recognitionsoftware in its online classes to feign sure students arent slacking off. Using a software called Nestor, the webcam on a students computer will analyze eye movements and facial expressions to find out if he or she is paying attention during television receiver lectures.2In our paper, we will focus on the need of facial recognition and how deep learning and neural networks swallow been a spinal column for this technology. 2) Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL)- Machine learning is considered as subset of AI which uses statistical techniques and algorithms which deposit a machine capable of making decision or prediction by learning from the granted data and adapt by means of experience.The cover of learning begins with observations or data, such as examples, direct experience, or instruction, in install to look for patterns in data and make give out decisions in the future based on the examples that we provide. The primary aim is to endure the computers learn automatically without human treatment or assistance and adjust actions hence 3.Deep learning is a subset of Machine learning where a machine has a higher level of recognition accuracy and aims to solve real world problems like image recognition, sound recognition, space exploration, hold forecasting and so many other automated applications. Here, the word deep refers to the no. of points in the network to accomplish a task.Deep learning methods use neural network architectures, very much like neurons in human brain, introducing a concept of coloured Neural Network (ANN). 3) Concept of Artificial Neural Network in problem solving- Today, automated dusts have made our lives too easy and have re trustd man in some places. But when we blabber about intelligence, man will always be superior to machines because of their god skilful nervous system which is composed of billions of neurons.These neurons are interconnected together and pass signals to one another which make the entire system to identify, classify and analyze things. Getting earnestness from biological neural network, the concept of ANN came into existence. The artisan of the first neurocomputer, Dr. Robert Hecht-Nielsen, defines a neural network as a computing system made up of a issuing of simple, highly interconnected processing elements, which process information by their dynamic defer response to external inputs. 4Figure1 A simple ANN structure. 5 3.1) Types of ANN (A) On the radix of topological arrangement, there are two types of ANN-a) A Feed-Forward Network - In this type of ANN, data go down takes place in only one rush through different layers and none of the layers is fed with signal from background direction.This network does not have feedback loops as product of one layer becomes the input for other la yers. Practically, in a Feed forward network, any prediction does not have to be affected with the introductory predictions.Figure 2 A Feed-Forward Network 6b) Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)- This type of neural network allows feedback loop by transmitting signals not only in one direction, instead data settle is carried out from backward direction too, sometimes overly known as FeedBack ANN.In RNN, separately neuron has its connection with others and how the flow of data is maintained, will be governed by its internal memory. The decision taken by RNN gets affected by the decision made by the network at previous. It means, the current product of a RNN depends on twain the previous output as well as the current input.Figure 3 Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) 7(B) On the nates of layering, there are two types of ANN-(a) item-by-item grade Network- In this type of network, neurons on input layers are connected with the neurons march at the output layer and there is no layer in betwixt these two layers.(b) Multi mold Network- This type of ANN consists of more than one layer in surrounded by input and output layer which are called hidden layers.These hidden layers carry out computation by passing data from one layer to another. In this scheme, output from one layer becomes input for contiguous layer and so on at last output is obtained from output layer.(4) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)- A convolutional neural network (CNN) is a subset of deep learning and belongs to the category of multilayer, feed-forward artificial neural networks. One of the most hopeful areas where this technology is rapidly growing, is security.It has been very steadying in monitoring suspicious banking transactions, as well as in video surveillance systems or CCTV.Figure 4 A typical CNN architecture 8Besides input and output layers, CNN has many hidden layers in betwixt which may be classified as-Convolutional bottom- This layer performs the core operations of prep a nd forms the basis of CNN.Each layer has a single set of weights for all neurons and each neuron is obligated for processing a small part of the input space. Thus, the convolutional layer is just an imageconvolutionof the previous layer, where the weights specify the convolution filter 9.Pooling Layer- This layer also known as downsampling layer, is placed after the convolutional layer. Pooling layer is responsible for reducing the spatial size (Width x Height) of the Input Volume which will be passed to the next convolutional Layer.Fully Connected Layer- This layer connects each neuron on previous layer with all the neurons bear witness on the next layer.(5) Facial detection/Recognition using CNN- A human brain sees multiple images in a day and is able to distinguish each one accurately without realizing how the processing is done.But, there is a different case with machines because they have to recognize an image on the basis of learning. Facial detection is a method to identify a person or object based on their grotesque features and this process involves the detection and bloodline of the face from the original image or video. after this, the face recognition takes place where different complex computer algorithms are used to recognize a face.Here, we will look the entire process of face detection and recognition. A face detection system involves two phases-(I) readjustment Phase- Face Detection- In this phase, several pictures of the same person is captured to whom the system should recognize as known with different facial expressions and head positions.Feature Extraction- In this step, different feature measures are utilize which can better describe a human face. There are different algorithms such as Principal divisor Analysis (PCA), Haar Features, Local Binary Pattern (LBP) etc. available for the facial measurement. On the basis of these measurements, CNN is trained for learning in future. Storing in Database- All the extracted features are stor ed in a database so that they can be used further in identification process.Face DetectionPre-processingFeature ExtractionFace RecognitionImageVerification/Identification(II) Recognition Phase-Figure 5 architecture of Face Recognition System 10Face Detection- When an image is admitted for identification, It is checked that whether it matches with the captured and stored images from the database by using face detection algorithms. Pre-processing- Pre-processing is necessary to make an easier and soundless training phase.The collected face images or video frames need to be passed through Pre-processing phase to eliminate the noise, blur, shadows, lighting and other unwanted factors. The final smooth image obtained so, will be passed to the next feature extraction phase.Feature Extraction- After Pre-processing phase, feature extraction is carried out by the CNN which was trained during Enrollment phase.Recognition- This is the last step where a desirable classifier such as Nearest N eighbor, Bayesian classifier, Euclidean Distance classifier etc., can be chosen. This classifier compares the feature vector stored in the database with the interrogation feature vector and finally the best matched face image comes as a recognition output.6) ConclusionBiometric verification/authentication is going to be deployed everywhere from governing body to private organizations in coming days. In this paper, we studied the relation among AI, ML, DL, ANN and CNN. We have also demonstrated the way CNN carries facial detection with improved accuracy.The field of AI has a wide spectrum and open for researchers. So, it aims to provide better result in biometric security in future.ReferencesYou can stymie the iPhone X Face ID but it takes some work, Anick Jesdanun, https//phys.org/ intelligence/2017-10-stymie-iphone-id-.htmlEntrepreneur India, https//www.entrepreneur.com/slideshow/2804932What is Machine Learning? A definition Luca Scagliarini, Marco Varone, http//www.expertsystem .com/machine-learning-definition/.Artificial Intelligence-Neural Networks, https//www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_intelligence/artificial_intelligence_neural_networks.htm.Artificial neural network, https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network.Artificial Intelligence-Neural Networks, https//www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_intelligence/artificial_intelligence_neural_networks.htm.Artificial Intelligence-Neural Networks, https//www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_intelligence/artificial_intelligence_neural_networks.htm.Convolutional neural network, https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network.Convolutional Neural Networks, http//andrew.gibiansky.com/ intercommunicate/machine-learning/convolutional-neural-networks/.Face Recognition Using Neural Network A Review, Manisha M. Kasar, Debnath Bhattacharyya and Tai-hoon Kim, planetary Journal of Security and Its Applications, Vol. 10, No. 3 (2016), pp.81-100.