Anasazi Great Houses of the Chaco Canyon Region Essay -- essays resear

Native American architecture varies greatly from portion to region finishedout North America, and was influenced by factors such as mood, kind of community, and the natural environment. Whereas some buildings were designed and constructed for specified functions, others, such as Anasazi great houses, were massive multi-purpose structures. Because great houses from Chaco Canyon are so well preserved, it is potential to have a decent understanding of the structure of Anasazi architecture for analysis. A close examination of the innovative Anasazi great house architecture of the Chaco Canyon region reveals its utilitarian value.Chaco Canyon, located in northwest New Mexico, is full of plateaus and canyons. Though the area may progress unsuitable for habitation, the Anasazi were able to adapt to this environment by building homes using materials found in abundance around the Chaco Canyon region. (Fig. 1) The apartment style of building of great houses, multistoried communal stronghol ds1 , began to appear during the late ninth century, dying down into the twelfth century A.D.2 While wood usually had to be imported from a distance, sandstone was readily available and utilise primarily in this geometric style of architecture. Although no one knows the exact reasons why, the Anasazi moved to create these large complexes now known as great houses, breakout away from previously more traditional pithouse communities. Perhaps it was safer to commune as a large group, protecting themselves from enemies. Another possibility can be seen through examination of the heating and cooling benefits of the Chaco Canyon great house style of architecture.Solar energy and climate were major contributing factors in the building plans of Anasazi architecture. The climate can be harsh in the Four Corners region of the country, with extremely hot days and very cool nights, unbearably hot summers, and frigid winters. In order to protect the inhabitants from their environment, the Anasa zi architects incorporated their knowledge of the effect of solar energy on building materials, as well as location of the sun in determining how the structures may most efficiently either absorb or reflect heat. A gray exposure would have taken advantage of the low, southern winter sun angle, helping keep rooms wa... ...spPueblo Period in New Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology (Winter 1989) 405-25.Schreiber, Stephen D. Engineering Feats of the Anasazi Buildings, Roads, and Dams. In Anasazi Architecture and American Design, ed. Baker H. Morrow and V.B. Price, 77-87. Albuquerque University of New Mexico Press, 1997.Stuart, David E. and Susan Moczygemba-McKinsey. Anasazi America Seventeen Centuries on the Road from Center Place. Albuquerque University of New Mexico Press, 2000.Van Dyke, Ruth M. The Chaco Connection Evaluating Bonito-Style Architecture in Outlier Communities. Journal of anthropological Architecture (December 1999) 471-506.

Cather in the Rye :: essays research papers

The Catcher and the Rye is a very controversial book even today. Many schools and libraries across the country have banned this book for various reasons. This paper will explore some of these reasons why this book is still causing debates among educators. To first understand why this book has caused so many debates we have to look at the time it was written in, the 1950s. In the 1950s the world was just recovering from the devastations of World War II, which ended louver years ago. The United States emerged as a Super Power, the wealthiest nation and the American way of life envied throughout the Western world. This was a time when people were friendlier, more(prenominal) caring, and honest. People were not afraid to leave their homes without locking their doors. Neighbors were always there to help you for whatever reason and, families were close knit. They would have dinner each night, pursue television, and do activities together. Children in this time were brought up to respec t their elders, conform, and behave according to the their elders values. Most of them did so, although a growing spirit of rebellion and a new assertiveness of ideas and styles soon developed. The term teenager became widely used. Teenagers found their own taste in music and fashion. Girls were most likely found eating away clothes like people that they saw on television and the movies. Music had also changed. Teenagers were very fond of a new type of music know as Rock And Roll. Bill Haley and his band was just one group that caused a stir among the elders as to what was respectable, and banned Haleys movie as soundly as his record from jukeboxes. This was the first measure that elders took to save the children, from destroying their values. However, the media with magazines, radio, television and the movies fueled the ideas of being a teenager. One popular song of this time was All shake Up by Elvis Presley that seems to symbolize this time in history. (Stacy & Finkelstein)One a uthor J.D. Salinger wrote his first novel during this time and added to the controversy by his writing style. Salinger chose to compose his novel in the first person, told by a seventeen year old boy named Holden Claudfield. Throughout the novel, Holden uses foul language, discussed sexual matter, and rejects the traditional American ideas.

Defining Good Usage Essay -- Business Writing Essays

Defining Good UsageThere are thousands of pieces of advice about writing out there. Every English school text book discusses it. Every person knows the rules to good writing by heart. In fact it is next to impossible to separate what we have been told from our own beliefs.Beliefs themselves are make by what you are taught, yet they still allow you the freedom to do as you choose. This just does not seem to hold true. When good writing is taught to be the rule not something to be interpreted by the student.Enough about beliefs and teachings. Define good usage, if thats what good writing requires. Is it using the largest, most difficult, word you can buoy in your writing? Is it diction, connotation, denotation, sentence structure, or just simple t single? The fact is any one or all of these may be true. When you are writing a research paper for instance , you would use larger words than you would, say, in a letter to a friend. In business letter you would use more technical languag e, than either of these other two. Yet, the rules get mixed around in all these cases too.If good usage is set mostly by what type of writing youre doing then perhaps the it can besides be defined through these. However in order to do this you have to be able to define which types of writing fall into which category or are they all different not to mention that every thing you could study at a University falls into a different pattern of writing, and even this does not really make it any easier to define. All right, in order to understand this perhaps what you shouldnt do has to be defined first. That should be easy. When you write well you use the most appropriate words possible in a given business office and to express just the right feeling. But, does ... ...oblems what I mean when I call this person Babe I may be telling my friend and him that he is really good looking, or reminds me of the little talking pig. I also could mean, as has happened in letters Ive received, that I dont know him very well and whence I cant remember his name so I took to calling him Babe, anything is possible. Now the Babe example is very basic but it proves that not only can the author have many meanings for what they are writing but so too can the reader. This does not have to happen with just one or two words it could happen with whole paragraphs or entire papers. Even this one. I have told you what good use is, but, can you tell me without a doubt that you have gotten exactly what I wanted out of this? Makes you wonder, huh? What is the real meaning here and can you really get it? If you could then would my usage be good?

Legalizing Marijuana: Pros and Cons Essay -- Drugs, Pros and Cons

The state of war on doses is a movement of prohibition and military aid being undertaken by the fall in States government intended to both define and reduce the illegal drug trade. In the year 2010 the U.S. government spent $15 gazillion on the war on drugs, at a rate of $500 per second. State and local governments spent another $25 jillion as well. In 2007, $42 billion was spent on the hemp prohibition. That is more money than the war on drugs spent on all types of drugs three years before when $40 billion was spent all together. why is our government focusing on a drug that can be called merely harmless to those who use it? Why is this drug getting more money spent on it than drugs that are highly addictive and life threatening? Marijuana is not as dangerous as people may want it to seem.Marijuana is a product of the Cannabis stavia, a hemp plant, and it is usually referred to as the plants leaves and flowers. Marijuana has become a general drug with its recreational u se that produces a feeling of well-being. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reported that 21.1 million people were current users of illegal or illicit drugs, and of these people 75 percent reported using marijuana. Illegal in most countries this drug has many monikers such as pot, weed, grass, mary jane, and so on This drug is generally dried, crushed, and smoked in pipes or hand-rolled cigarettes, but it can also be consumed in food and drink. This drug comes with feeling both physiologic and psychological effects (Gale). The article Is Marijuana Good? by states that marijuana affects the brain with its key constituent THC. The author asserts that THC, a key ingredient in marijuana, attaches to cannaboid receptors throughout the body. Several areas of ... ...n Horse Anti-communism and the War on Drugs. Contemporary Crises 14.1 (1990) 39-55. Print.Hardy, Quentin. Cost of Marijuana Prohibition $42 Billion Per Year. Green Change. 01 Oct. 2007. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. Web .Klein, Joe. Why Legalizing Marijuana Makes Sense - TIME. TIME.com. 02 Apr. 2009. Web. 28 Mar. 2011. Web.Marijuana. Current Issues Macmillian Social Science Library. Detroit Gale, 2010. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 21 Mar. 2011.Physicians and general public agree on medicinal marijuana use. PharmacoEconomics & Outcomes News no. 480 (2005), 11-11. Print.Sophia Prashad, et al. Smoking marijuana gives teen normal life. New York AmsterdamNews89.3 (1998), 18-18. Print.Welch, William M., and Donna Leinwand. Slowly, Limits on Pot Are Fading. USATODAY.com. 09 Mar. 2010. Web. 21 Mar. 2011. Web.

Norman Rockwell :: essays research papers

&9Norman Rockwell was one of Americas greatest illustrators of this century who made many significant contributions to the field of graphic design with his flora that promoted patriotic unity, conveyed the national scene, and often time just evoked or inspired emotions in his audiences. Ironically this panther was regarded as an illustrator in the eyes of otherwise freelance artists due to his occupational limitations, and his supervisors restrictions characteristic of the Saturday Evening bet on where he did most of his work from 1916 to 1963. Rockwell was born on February 3, 1894 and since his childhood long time had always aspired to be an artist. Instead of finishing high school Rockwell left high school to attend classes at the National Academy of Design and by and by on the Art Students League in New York. Here Rockwell was recognized as an above average illustrator with good potential. Rockwell then after developing his skills and change many illustrations to childrens magazines, managed to muster up the courage to show his work to a bigger periodical, the Saturday Evening Post. Happy with the quality of Rockwells work the Post gave Rockwell a job creating illustrations and cover art for its periodicals. This would be his arena, revealing his works to thousands of people, for over forty years. During this period Rockwell painted portraits of various celebrities and persona. Rockwell was a "people painter" and predominantly worked with the depiction of emotions inspired by his models. Rockwell always took particular care in picking and choosing his models as he was very pragmatic and wanted them to record characteristics that met with his peculiar standards. During his time with the Post, Rockwell often made illustrations that effectively conveyed events taking place on the national scene. During different periods in American history Rockwell used his special(a) skill in detail to capture and portray illustrations that accurately reflecte d the emotions felt in the hearts of Americans at the time. Rockwell made several illustrations exhibiting events like the Great low gear and World War I. In fact during the second World War Rockwell was motivated by President Roosevelt himself to create one of his greatest projects, The Four Freedoms Paintings, illustrating all(prenominal) of Americas fundamental freedoms and revealing the reason behind the United States participation in the war. This Four Freedoms Project is one that reflects Rockwells great humanity and kindness as a person. Rockwell agreed to

Norman Rockwell :: essays research papers

&9Norman Rockwell was one of Americas greatest illustrators of this century who made many significant contributions to the field of graphic design with his deeds that promoted patriotic unity, conveyed the national scene, and often time just evoked or inspired emotions in his audiences. Ironically this jaguar was regarded as an illustrator in the eyes of early(a) freelance artists due to his occupational limitations, and his supervisors restrictions characteristic of the Saturday Evening contribute where he did most of his work from 1916 to 1963. Rockwell was born on February 3, 1894 and since his childhood age had always aspired to be an artist. Instead of finishing high school Rockwell left high school to attend classes at the National Academy of Design and later(prenominal) on the Art Students League in New York. Here Rockwell was recognized as an above average illustrator with good potential. Rockwell then after developing his skills and change many illustrations to child rens magazines, managed to muster up the courage to show his work to a bigger periodical, the Saturday Evening Post. Happy with the quality of Rockwells work the Post gave Rockwell a job creating illustrations and cover art for its periodicals. This would be his arena, revealing his works to thousands of people, for over forty years. During this period Rockwell painted portraits of various celebrities and persona. Rockwell was a "people painter" and predominantly worked with the depiction of emotions inspired by his models. Rockwell always took particular care in picking and choosing his models as he was very pragmatic and wanted them to establish characteristics that met with his peculiar standards. During his time with the Post, Rockwell often made illustrations that effectively conveyed events taking place on the national scene. During different periods in American history Rockwell used his supernumerary skill in detail to capture and portray illustrations that accurate ly reflected the emotions felt in the hearts of Americans at the time. Rockwell made several illustrations exhibiting events like the Great natural depression and World War I. In fact during the second World War Rockwell was motivated by President Roosevelt himself to create one of his greatest projects, The Four Freedoms Paintings, illustrating each(prenominal) of Americas fundamental freedoms and revealing the reason behind the United States participation in the war. This Four Freedoms Project is one that reflects Rockwells great sympathy and kindness as a person. Rockwell agreed to

Mercantilist Relationship Between the American Colonies and the British Government Essay

Mercantilism is an economic policy and theory where the government has complete control of trade, both foreign and inside boundaries. This policy was dominant during the 16th, 17th, and late 18th centuries, it demanded a positive balance of trade between the countries it was involved with. on that point were m whatever policies that were within the theory based upon commercialism including, building a network of overseas colonies and forbidding them to trade with other nations, forbidding trade to be carried in foreign ships, ex port as a trade barrier using domestic goods and services competitive against imports, and restricting domestic consumption with non-tariff barriers to trade. The British government established a mercantilist relationship with the the Statesn colonies that was to its expediency until 1763 and then the relationship no coherenter was of economic benefit to the British crown.Prior to 1763 the colonists had no choice but to go on with fan tans right to tak e actions on their behalf and the predominance of Britains economic benefits over their in-person ones. Seven Years War was the fight that altered the parliaments actions, had been mean to regulate trade and nothing else, parliaments arrangements began to conflict with the colonists interests. This caused the colonies to grow and thrive, by the time the British realized this the Statesns had already established lucrative trade with other countries.Britain became more aw be of this growing problem and began to keep a close eye on the colonies and implemented regulatory policies, the British instituted a serial of laws of trade and navigation cognize as the Navigation suffices. The purposes of these acts were to limit colonial trade to the British only. For this to be accomplished all trading to be through with(p) involving the colonists was to be on either English vessels or colonial-built vessels, therefore, if colonists planned to trade with other nations all of their goods had to first be shipped to England.This gave the British the chance to get a consecrate on the items being traded and to collect revenue from taxation before the products were traded. Another limitation that was set on the colonies was that in order to trade products much(prenominal) as tobacco, sugar, and cotton it had to be done with the British only. When the British would notice the colonies beginning to fall upon good they would add the product that was causing the increase in revenue to the list of products only to be traded with them. Although there were many restrictions fit(p) upon the colonies, they did not cause as much damage as Britain may birth hoped.Benjamin Franklin answered when asked, I have never heard any objection to the right of impersonateing duties to regulate commerce but a right to lay internal taxes was never supposed to be in Parliament, as we are not represented there. There were even some benefits even to having these regulations, such(prenomin al) as a built in market for raw products that they had and the British did not rigidly enforce the trading regulations that were set. Following swell Britains performance of French territory in North America subsequently the end of the French and Indian War allotted the Proclamation of 1763 in October of 1763.The purpose of the resolution was to establish Britains new North American Empire and to stabilize associations with Native North Americans through regulation of settlement, trade, and land purchases. The proclamation kept plastered lands for the Indians and prevented the colonies from settling inland. The colonies wished to expand their territory inlands but with the Proclamation of 1763 they were unable to do so, causing massive amounts of interest conflicts. The British seemed to be enforcing this proclamation more so than any other laws placed on the colonies before.Troops were stationed along the frontier to give the colonists no control over attempting to expand the ir population inland. The colonies feared for overpopulation and crowded cities along the coastline. It appeared that the break down of this mercantilist relationship between the United States colonies and Britain along with the split of America from the British Empire was unavoidable. Before the French and Indian war, Britain was having a seriously time keeping up with and maintaining regulations that they had placed upon the colonies.The trade laws were inadequately implemented and the colonies were able to go about their own political and economic systems independently. But, with the close of the war Parliament concluded the time of this neglect of enforcement and became more dominate with the colonies in order to reestablish complete control over their trade. Pervious laws that were established to benefit Britain were enforced harshly and new laws were alike applied to further benefit the British.This led to animosity between Britain and the colonies because the colonies exper ienced economic independence for too long a period causing the colonists to have no desire to return to how things used to be. The aggressive application of the Navigation symbolise to the colonists subdued their manufacturing operations and change magnitude resentment against the British Parliamentary. The severe enforcement of these laws led to inflation and alienation in the colonies, neither of which benefited the British Empire. During this time of strict enforcement there were many more laws and acts placed upon the colonies to restrict their trade and growth.Parliament passed the Sugar and Molasses suffice trying to bring the colonies in line with regard to behavement of taxes. The Sugar Act reduced the identify of tax on molasses and listed more foreign goods to be taxed including coffee, wines, sugar, and various other goods. The tax on caused the instantaneous deterioration in the rum industry in the colonies. This interrupted the economy in the colonies because it re duced the markets to which the colonies could sell and the amount of currency available to them for the purchase of British manufactured goods.This act, and the Currency Act, set the stage for the riot at the imposition of the Stamp Act. The Stamp Act of 1765 was a direct tax on documents and articles, this act directly affected all colonists. The law needful a stamp to be placed on all printed materials, including legal documents, almanacs, pamphlets, and newspapers. Although this affected all colonists, lawyers, clergymen, and printers felt the wrath of this act the most. Benjamin Franklin stated There is not gold and silver enough in the colonies to pay the stamp duty for one year.The before and after of this act set in stone the perceived idea that the mercantilist benefits of the relationship between the colonies and Britain may have run its course. After debate about the collection of taxes due to the Stamp Act was the Quartering Act of 1765. The Quartering Act was part of t he intolerable acts the purpose of this act was only to take back hold of the colonies. The act violated the extremum of Rights, which forbids taxation without representation and the raising or keeping of a standing army without the consent of Parliament colonies disputed the legality of this Act.In his first speeches in Parliament, Camden said, taxation and representation are inseparable this position is founded on the laws of nature it is more, it is itself an eternal law of nature for whatever is a mans own, is perfectly his own no man has a right to take it from him without his consent, either expressed by himself or representative whoever attempts to do it, attempts an injury whoever does it, commits a looting he throws down and destroys the distinction between liberty and slavery.Taxation and representation are coeval with and essential to the constitution If the soldiers outnumbered the housing available the colonies were expected to pay the cost of housing and feeding the troop, after the arrival of the troops New York refused to pay for supplies causing the troops to have to stay aboard their ships. Even after attempts to revise the Stamp Act, New York still resisted which led to the repeal of this act and the Stamp Act.With no doubt it seemed that violent hostility would prevail even with any effort to change the Acts making it almost impossible for Britain to establish any hope for a beneficial relationship with the colonies. The steady resistance to the Stamp Act led to it being repealed, which cost the British, Suppose a military force sent into America they go forth find nobody in arms what are they then to do? They cannot force a man to take stamps who chooses to do without them.They will not find a rebellion they may indeed make one. This repeal showed the colonists that their resisting the act worked and would put fire to their future revolts considering this worked for them. The British were losing money now and the colonies did not seem to be hurt as badly as would have been hoped by the British. To down play the win that the colonies had just accomplished Parliament set out another act, the Declaratory Act, to serve as a punishment.The Declaratory Act asserted that Parliament had, hath, and of right ought to have, full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and people of America in all cases whatsoever. In the context and the word choice in which this was scripted shows that the act was intentionally clear-cut and to the point. Parliament had the upper hand and the absolute power to make laws and changes to the colonial government, in all cases whatsoever.Caught up in attempting to strip the colonies of their freedoms in order to prevent them from creating a profit, the British were losing money and quite frankly, running out of it. In one final attempt to gain back control of the colonies and make their relationship work Parliament passed the Townshend Act. A colonist identified as Brutus argued against that assumption, stating, Nothing can be more flagrantly wrong than the Assertion of some of our mercantile Dons.John autograph adds, Taxes equally detrimental to the commercial interests of the Parent country and the colonies are imposed upon the People, without their consent Taxes designed for the Support of the Civil Government in the Colonies, in a Manner clearly unconstitutional, and contrary to that, in which till of late, Government has been supported, by the free Gift of the People in the American Assemblies or Parliaments as also for the Maintenance of a large Standing Army not for the Defiance of the newly acquired Territories, but for the old Colonies, and in a Time of Peace.This testimony written in a letter was tremendously effective in the efforts to abolish this act placed upon the colonies there were also the Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, which had its influence on the topic as well. There were twelve lett ers that were widely read and reprinted throughout the thirteen colonies, and were a major factor in attempting to unit the colonists against the Townshend Acts.Dickenson, the farmer, acknowledged the great power that the Parliament had in concern for the whole British Empire but argued that the taxes that were given to the colonies were for purpose of their own personal gain in revenue rather then what was stated in the books of the acts being for purpose of trade only. Dickinson foresees the possibility of future conflict between the colonies and Great Britain, but urges against the use of violence, If at length it becomes undoubted that an inveterate resolution is formed to annihilate the liberties of the governed, the English history affords frequent examples of resistance by force.What particular dowry will in any future case justify such resistance can never be ascertained till they happen. Perhaps it may be allowable to say generally, that it never can be justifiable until t he people are fully convinced that any further submission will be destructive to their happiness. The colonies boycotted this idea, their boycott, although it failed, gave them the strength to continue to not follow the acts that the Parliament required of them. The British had no way to enforce the collection of taxes so Britain had no choice but to repeal the Townshend Act.Britain was completely unstable and given this, the mercantilist relationship was coming to an end between the United States colonies and the British the Tea Act would form the breaking point for this relationship. An act to allow a drawback of the duties of customs on the exportation of tea to any of his Majestys colonies or plantations in America to increase the deposit on bohea tea to be sold at the India connections sales and to empower the commissioners of the treasury to grant licenses to the East India Company to export tea duty-free.The Tea Act of 1773 caused in turn the Boston Tea Party, which aggrav ated the British so greatly that they delivered a punishment act. The punishment acts were called the Coercive Acts and also, along with other acts, became part of the intolerable acts the British had placed upon the colonies. The Boston Port Act, The Massachusetts Government Act, The Administration of Justice Act, The Quartering Act, and the Quebec Act were all placed in order for Britain to again attempt to take control over the colonies.The restrictions placed on the colonies by these acts included the closing of the port of Boston, limited the meetings to one meeting per year, allowed the governor to move trails, and attempted to house the British solders. This out lash of over bearing authority over the colonies became known as the main reason that the mercantilist relationship could not continue.Britains attempts of harsh leadership and the lack of economic opportunities became great enough to continuously push the colonies onward and gave them reason to revolt and not comply . As years passed the interests of the colonies and British began to not be similar in any ship canal, causing conflicts. The colonists educated themselves in ways that the British had not expected, giving the colonies the upper hand in knowing what they deserved and what was being taken from them.There were no longer any benefits to having a relationship with Britain and the colonists were well educated on this fact and showed their feelings on this aspect in many ways. The mercantilist relationship was no longer making a profit for the British Crown or bringing benefits to anyone it was causing them to lose money. This loss was apparent after the downfall of both the economic systems after the French and Indian War in 1763.

Abortion and the Symbolic Interaction Paradigm

In this paper, we needed to discuss whether or not abortion contri only ifes to the corruption of todays purchase order, using the emblematical interaction paradigm. We substantiate come to the consensus, as a separate, that abortion does contribute to the corruption of todays society simply because it is such a modify issue and in that respectfore people choose sides. When people choose sides, and atomic number 18 unable to look at a situation from another persons point of view, there tends to be corruption.Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical perspective that people use definitions, meanings, symbols, get windations, and human interactions to compare themselves to others (Henslin, 2010, p. 15). Herbert Blumer, whom attended University of Chicago with unity of the founders of the exemplary interactionism perspective, George Herbert Mead, developed one of the most prominent meter readings of the perspective (McClelland, 2000). Mooney, Knox, and Schacht explained Blume rs theory of the symbolic interactionism perspective. According to Blumer, societal problems develop in stages.The first stage is social recognition, when the social problem first happened. The second stage is social legitimization, when the problem is recognized by the community. When the community gets concerned and starts to develop a focusing to react is called the mobilization for action. Development and implementation of an official plan is when legal regulations occur (Mooney, Knox, & Schacht, 2000, p. 10-16). There are many ways that people interpret the idea of abortion, and they often use words to help get their judgings across.Language is just a system of symbols that we recognize as a way of communication, and in terms of abortion, there are several ways to use language to construct points to solidify ones position on the issue. The pro-choice movement is a group that believes that women should have to choice to have an abortion if they tactual sensation that it is necessary given their personal circumstances. The phrase pro-choice is a very strong symbol in itself because it jackpot cause people to think in a more broad sense, implying that if one is not pro-choice, then he/she must believe that the get of the unborn child does have rights to her own body.On the other hand, pro-life can excessively be seen as a very significant symbol, because it also tends to imply that if one is not pro-life, they simply believe that the unborn child in the womb does not deserve to live. Obviously, this conclusion is not always true, but it is the implications that make the phrases such strong symbols. Each side of the argument has its own list of legitimate reasons why they feel that their way is the right way, but there are some words that they use that are demeaning and insulting to whomever it is that is considering an abortion.While it is understandable that many pro-life groups believe that an abortion is a disgustful way to end a life, the use of strong, suggestive words makes it seem like they are simply trying to make women feel tear down guiltier most having an abortion. Having an abortion is oftentimes one of the most heart-wrenching, difficult decisions a woman has to make, and some pro-life activists still feel that it is necessary to make the woman feel even more torn by comparing abortions to murder. This is probably the strongest, most symbolic word used to describe an abortion.No matter what a groups opinion on the subject, they should not use guilt as a means of trying to turn people away from abortion. This leads to further arguments, and more importantly, it leads to women feeling even worse about their decision should they decide to go through with an abortion. Words are a very big part of symbolism when dealing with such a sensitive subject like abortion. They can be used positively, to try to enlighten a person on the subject, or they can be used negatively, to try to scare a person into siding with one gr oup or the other.Because there are so many negative connotations that go along with having an abortion, it becomes a very significant factor of social corruption. There are different types of abortion, therapeutic abortion, when the mothers health would be at risk if the maternalism was continued elective abortion, when the woman decides not continue a pregnancy for whichever reason abortion pill, which can terminate a pregnancy up to 9 weeks into it (Planned Parenthood, 2011).Many people feel differently about the different types of abortion and there are laws regarding how far into pregnancy an abortion can be performed. The news and media cover the abortion debates frequently and often help to stir up some of the controversy. It was found by David Shaw, a write for the LA Times-Washington Post Service, that the media often favors pro-choice advocates over pro-life and Columns of commentary favoring abortion rights outnumber those opposing abortion by a argin of 2 to 1 on the opi nion/editorial pages of most of the nations major daily newspapers (as cited in Wade, 1990). On Yahoo Answers, Does the media influence teenagers to get pregnant and to have abortions? was asked and one of the responders, Ashley, replied that it does encourage them to be sexy- which then leads to sex and pregnancy, and sometimes abortions. But the media is only partly to blame the main problem is the attitude of todays society (2009). It is easy to research and find distasteful images and photographs from pro-life sites.The ultimate goal is generally to convince a woman out of an abortion or to make people feel that abortion is murder. On the Maine Vitae site, mainerighttolife. com, there is a link to Issues. If you then click on a sub link called The Ugly earthly concern, there are 9 pictures of aborted fetuses from 8 weeks to 24 weeks gestational age (2010). It is relatively easy to find pro-choice images online, with a lot of the images including children and woman stating that they are pro-choice. A major issue for most people is the idea of abortion as contraception.The Centers for Disease Control released a statement on November 27, 2009, Women should use contraceptives, not abortion, to prevent unwanted pregnancies. A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study showed that 19-25% of women who received abortions in 2006 had previously had one or more abortions (2009). Religions often have an opinion that they provide as public knowledge on the abortion debate. In the bible, the sixth commandment is Thou shalt not kill (Exodus 2013, nance James Version).The commandment is often used to explain why people believe that abortion is considered murder. Traditional Buddhism teaches that life begins at conception and the fetus is as entitled to the same moral respect as an adult human being (Keown, 2004). In our research we also found medical doctors, citizens and psychologists that are against abortion. enthalpy Sigerist gave his interpretation of the Hippocratic Oaths opinion on abortion The original text of the Hippocratic Oath, the oath that doctors traditionally take when swearing to behave medicine ethically, forbids abortions.One section of the oath reads I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. The modern version of the Hippocratic Oath written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna also forbids abortion in its line, Above all, I must not play at God (1996). With his interpretation of the Hippocratic Oath, Henry Sigerist, shows that people can form different interpretations from the same information. David C. Reardon, PhD, et al. also found that women who aborted were 154% more likely to commit self-annihilation than women who carried to term (2002).

Culture of the 1950s Essay

Websites allow global product and services distribution through intranets, extranets and internet Websites. twain groups of designers and professional analysts concur that a well-designed user interface is an essential component that improves the appeal and operation of the Web, allowing browsers or tourists to be converted into customers and residents. Recognizing demographic diversity and discern handst the users are the two main focus of attention in the user-interface development process.However, these differences may demonstrate worldwide gardenings in a global economy. The impact of burnish in web content and tools is a situationor which companies that aim to engage in online international business should consider. Few important pointers should be regarded. For instance, a soul has a favorite website, how might this site be understood in countries like Paris, USA, London, Japan, or India, assuming that enough verbal translation are carried push through?There might be s omething in a websites metaphors, interaction, mental model or even the appearance offend or alienate a user. The date, nearly Culture of the 1950s is one of the controversial periods in American history marked by changes in worldviews of people and equal rights movements, impudently amicable values but old traditions dominated in the monastic order. The World Wars had a great impact on cultural, political, kindly and economic aliveness changing thought process and values of people. The post-war period of time became a watershed between old and new world of meaning, economy and intellects.Thesis The 1950s represents a time of pause because the old values were rejected by the society but new ones had non been formed and accepted yet. The first half of the XX century changed greatly views of people and their destinies. The large-scale death and destruction exacted by World War II destroyed the security that had made current history a soothing approach to international polit ics. The 1950s became an edge of the social change marked the beginning of the XX century.Such values as consumerism, trendy way of life and stylish goods were rejected by the society faced with grievances and disillusionment of war time (Fukuyama 8). Further support for the old social orientation to mans impulses has been provided recently by a growing body of literature which seeks to document the innately violent and aggressive aspects of human behavior (Booker 34). In all these converge views of human nature, trust, intimacy, and openness are virtually self-destructive, and vulnerability and unguarded expressiveness become a positive threat.In this area, the puritan code was intimately explicit and ponderous. During 1950s, Americans did not have a culture of consensus influenced by diverse social factors and liberation movements the social life was influenced by feminist ideas and racial question. The second wave of feminist movement was diverse and involved lesbian, black, l iberal and social feminism movements. Sexual liberation was a factor which had a great influence on the national idea during the middle of the XX century.Women paid severicular attention to the role of sexual relations and sexual freedom in the society and their role in system of self and universal order. Martin Luther queen mole rat organized antiracial campaigns addressing a very important problem of racial inequality in America and its impact on the society. King expected that many people would awake from long sleeping and start fighting, because the established Constitution grants the right to the populace, and no doubt that in modern society the main role is featured to democracy and liberty.Social differences also influenced culture and led to the severance (Booker 24). During the previous period, the good life consisted of work, work conducted with a spectral attitude, for work was dedicated to God. The new way of liberation movements promulgated ideas of equality and eq ual pay for men and women contracted with the old values and norms (Fukuyama 237). Old social order and worldviews were rejected but the society did not create new values and traditions to replace the old ones.The puritan ethos in itself contained a number of decisive inconsistencies. They were exacerbated by the appearance of a make out of values deriving from and entirely different source and based on an entirely contradictory set of set forth about the nature of man. There were the democratic values founded on the assumption that man is innately good and trustworthy and that society is a contract among men that should enhance rather than restrain mans humanity (Fukuyama 186).The themes of equality, social responsibility, democracy, liberty, and fraternity confronted the already internally conflicting themes of the world view and resulted in a dizzying welter of confusion and paradox. The internally paradoxical aspects of old views, combined with new democratic values together constitute anything but the disruption. In spite of the fact that some critics see 1950s as the consenual period, Derbyshire explains that The main reason the 1950s looks so good to so many of us is that in travel from the old order to the new, we lost much of our civilizational confidence.You may say that that confidence was misplaced, or an illusion you may even say that it was obnoxious, and good riddance to it and you may be right on all points (Derbyshire cited Young & Young 29). American young people have inherited a spurious culture, a set of inconsistent arrangements and attitudes which have necessitated a variety of psychological and sociological stratagems aimed at disguising the basic lack of integrity and consistency in our culture.In the refreshful On the Road, Jack Kerouac vividly portrays this process through life and expectations of the main characters, Sal and Dean. Denial, self-deception, compartmentalization are some of the stratagems employed to cope with this disturbing state of personal matters (Fukuyama 76). Kerouac portrays that segment of the younger generation was attacking the value orientations deriving from our puritan heritage. Such a direct and open-eyed confrontation was precisely what was necessary forward any resolution of some of the inconsistencies can be attained.Sal says I realized that these were all the snapshots which our children would look at someday with wonder, thinking their parents had lived smooth, well-ordered, stabilized-within-the-photo lives and got up in the morning time to walk proudly on the sidewalks of life, never dreaming the raggedy madness and riot of our actual lives, our actual night, the hell of it, the senseless emptiness (Kerouac 208). It is just this resolution that the new generation were exploring in their alternative versions of the good life.The new generation interpreted the success goals of their parents as extremely constricting and threatening, and they were highly sensitive to the prop up adults use to buttress lives that were somehow less than fulfilling. Cultural diversity (and a new wave of immigration) added social tension and heated liberation movements. Perhaps the most interesting parts of the new ethic were themes which can be seen as not traditional or indigenous, that was the genuinely foreign elements, which because they were new arouse the most alarm, fear, and often repressive responses on the part of adults.The merchants of popular culture used the felicitous phrase, the beat generation, to refer to the group of people who celebrate the present and endeavour to experience it as timelessly and intensely as possible. Being was desired for its own sake and becoming disappeared as a desired way of life (Booker 65). For instance, the novel by Jack Kerouac originated in racial fetishism and reflected vocabulary and language typical for diverse society and culture. Immigrants had an impact on literature and language victimisation specific vocabulary and colloquialisms typical for their cultures (Nicholls 525).Another element which must be regarded as distinctly new was the attitude toward affluence, money, and private property on the part of these young people. Traditional adult success was regarded by them as too expensive, that was requiring too much sacrifice of the self, and of spontaneity, freedom and integrity, and giving too little in return (Fukuyama 270). In sum, the 1950s represents a time of disruption influenced by a mixture of the old and new social values. The decline of traditional culture encouraged individualism which placed the self at the centre of concerns.Increasing social diversity led to a general relativism, not just in matters of taste or morals but even in matters of fact. These values were genuinely believed, there is no doubt, on the part of the parents, but the parents life experiences were so different as to locate them in a different culture. Life experiences were drastically different from the se cure and protected environment before the WWII. The 1950s represents the disruption influenced by persona experiences of two different generations, cultural diversity and new social order. Works Cited1. Booker, M. K. The Post-Utopian Imagination American Culture in the Long 1950s. Greenwood Press, 2002. 2. Fukuyama, F. The spectacular Disruption Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order. Free Press 1st edition, 2000. 3. Kerouac, J. On the Road. New York Viking, 1957. 4. Nicholls, B. The Melting Pot That Boiled Over Racial fetishism and the Lingua Franca of Jack Kerouacs Fiction MFS Modern Fiction Studies, 49 (2003) 524-549. 5. Young, W. H. , Young, N. K. The 1950s (American Popular Culture Through History). Greenwood Press, 2004.

Eight Years Wasted, the Economic Failures of the Bush Administration Essay

Eight years wasted. That is the description that befits the George W. bush administration of the join States between 2001 and 2008. Nevertheless, this is not a case of partial criticism of the shrub administration, as noted by Republican Senator John McCain who served in Bushs era (Curl). According to McCain as he campaigned for the establishment in 2008, Bush spent a lot of the unify States resources on the war in Iraq, which consequently led to a massive economic downturn (Curl).The most obvious impacts of Bushs actions are reflected in the changes in rate of unemployment, inflation, money supply in the unite States, and shifts in foreign convince rates as well as interest rates (National Organization for Women). Unemployment The rate of unemployment has particularly been worrying since the period between 2000 and 2001 when Bush took the leadership of the linked States (OECD). According to Shi and Stevens, the rate of unemployment has been fluctuating rapidly since 2000 when it was about 4. 0 per centime (59). Within over a year of Bushs leadership, the unemployment rate conjecture up to 5.8 per cent in 2002 (59). Women and their families were particularly affected by the high rate of unemployment, as they would rarely make prohibits meet at the deject of the Bush administration. In fact, according to the National Organization for Women, the year 2001 marked the period of massive job loss among women in over 40 years (National Organization for Women). Along this line, the Institute for Womens Policy Research reported that in the period between 2001 and 2004, women workers lost over 300,000 jobs (National Organization for Women).In the similar breadth, unemployment rates among single m other(a)s rose of an already bad situation of 9. 5 per cent to a worse level of 10. 2 per cent (National Organization for Women). Statistics from GPO rise to power show a grim picture of the increasing levels of unemployment since the year 2000 when the United St ates presidential election that ushered in President George Bush was held. In the figures provided, overall civilian unemployment rate fluctuated from 4. 0 per cent in 2000 to 6. 7 percent in November 2008, which marked the end of the Bush administration (Table 1).Along the same line, the same sheer in unemployment rate was noticed among different age groups, fa Another aspect of the Bush administrations failure is an uncontrolled increase in inflation. At the beginning of the Bush administration in 2001, there was a notable decline in the legal injurys of all items and operate as compared to the preceding year. Perhaps this was because of the bowel movement by Bush to fulfill campaign promises. The truth of the matter is that after 2001, the prices of all items went up, declining hardly slightly in 2003.Since then, there was a notable version in the prices but overall, the prices remained at an all time high. In fact, the 4. 1 per cent change in price of items (Table 2) was t he highest margin to have been recorded since the 6. 1 per cent rate recorded in 1990 at the h cardinal of the Gulf War (Irwin and Dan. ). The high prices of commodities and services noticed during the Bush Administration not only affected the financial positions of many families but also influenced the peoples access to essential services such as healthcare (Atkinson and Hutto).According to Hanke, the 2003 United States census showed that any family of three lived on a mean of $51 a day. This figure was arrived at using an as mettleption that childcare and healthcare services were fully financed by the government (United States Department of Labor). Nevertheless, this was not the case for most families, as they had to rely on their own means to support themselves. In the context of high cost of commodities and services and with particular reference to childcare and healthcare services, many families had to spend as much as over 20 per cent of their incomes in pursuit of these serv ices (Robinson).According the New York Times, the Bush administration cut livelihood programs for many essential programs such as childcare, which were particularly sequester for single parent households (The High Cost of Health Care). This move was done as the administration aimed at improving and expanding other unpopular programs such as promotion of marriage (United States Bureau of Statistics). However, the downside of this point is that as focus was shifted to newer programs, the already existing programs suffered an even heavier blow in terms of the exorbitant costs that had to be incurred (The High Cost of Health Care).According to Shi and Gregory, the highest number of individual without healthcare services was recorded in 2003 (60). This is because most attention was diverted to acquisition of other essential commodities and services such as food and housing (The High Cost of Health Care). Yet president Bush still insisted on funding the war to oust President Saddam Huss ein from power in Iraq. This action can be considered as a case of misplaced precedence because whereas President Bush was busy pursuing the United States foreign policy, local affairs (which perhaps needed more attention) were thrown into disarray.Money Supply During the Bush Administration, the supply of money increased, but with some fluctuations. For instance, the total value of the United States currency, travelers checks, demand deposits and other checkable deposits rose from $1087. 4 billion to a high of $1473. 1 billion in October 2008 (GPO Access). The high supply of money does not imply that the United States economy improved in the period of eight years. Rather, it is an indication the value of the United States dollar could have depreciated (Crutsinger and Aversa).Thus, the large sums of money released to fund the war in Iraq in 2003 did not add any gallery to the United States economy (Crutsinger and Aversa). Instead, the economy became vulnerable with reference to a weak dollar against other public currencies. In spite of the increase in the sum of currency, there was an increase in debt of domestic nonfinancial sectors from $18,183. 6 billion in 2000 to $32,436. 5 billion in 2006 . This means that nonfinancial institutions increasingly had to get during the era of George W.Bush. It therefore no wonder that the United States was crippled by a great financial crisis only comparable to the Great Depression towards the end of Bushs reign, the overriding factor being that the United States government had spent so much money on defense and war in Iraq and Afghanistan at the expense of internal development. Foreign Exchange As mentioned above, there was a significantly high supply of money in the United States, which characteristically led to depreciation of the United States dollar.In addition, the period was characterized by a high rate of inflation, implying that considerably larger sums of money would be used in buying commodities that would h ave been bought inexpensively in the earlier period (Atkinson and Hutto). On the international scale, the high cost of United States commodities meant that importers had to pay lots of money to subscribe to the goods, which ultimately lowered the level of international trade between the United States and other countries (Table 3).Consequently, the United States dollar fluctuated against other world currencies such as the Nipponese yen, the Sterling Pound, Chinese yuan and the Australian dollar (Atkinson and Hutto). For instance, the Sterling Pound commutingd at between $1. 9548 and $2. 0442 in 2007 (Table 3), which was a very large variation. The conceptive dollar against the yen between 2001 and 2002, which was the beginning of the Bush administration, discouraged importation by Japan from the United States (Atkinson and Hutto).At the same time, citizens of the United States opted to import precious items such as automobiles at the expense of the locally manufactured ones, thu s putting the United States automobile industry in the quagmire in which it is straight off (OECD). The consequence of this is that major competitors such as the Japanese automakers have adversely affected local automakers such as Ford, and the whole industry has been earmarked for revival in the Economic Stimulus Package (OECD). Interest rates Government bond yields and interest rates principally declined between 2000 and 2008.For instance, the value of bills at auction declined steady from $ 5. 85 to $1. 01 in 2003, but steadily rose from $1. 38 to $4. 73 in 2006 (GPO Access). The low price of bonds meant that banks were in a position to purchase more government bonds, thus diverting their attention from other financial service users such as borrowers (Crutsinger and Aversa). Ultimately, banks were forced to impose high interest rates on the loans they offered to the public, implying that most small business holders and individuals were crippled by a massive credit crunch (Cruts inger and Aversa).The ensuing credit crunch adversely affected the United States economy particularly towards the ends of the end of the Bush administration (Crutsinger and Aversa). Banks were most affected by the financial woes and this necessitated the Bush administration to consider taking ownership of versatile banks in a bid to protect them from collapsing (Crutsinger and Aversa). This move was however also ill planned, as it would result in unnecessary government expenditure, resulting into higher inflation in the United States (Hanke).In addition, there was no assurance that with the governments acquisition of the banks, their performance would improve (Hanke). Conclusion Even though the world witnessed a massive economic recession, the woes in the United States stemmed from the fact that the Bush administration spent excessively on the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, which generally weakened the performance of most local institutions. The underperformance in various sectors wa s shown in high rates of unemployment, high inflation, fluctuating levels of money supply and foreign exchange rates as well as high bank interest rates.The combined effect of the various phenomena led to a crisis in the entire United States economy, thus making the Bush administration one of the worst leaderships of the United States. References Atkinson Robert D and Julie Hutto 18October 2004. Bush vs. Clinton An Economic Performance Index. 10 March 2009. http//www. ppionline. org/ppi_ci. cfm? knlgAreaID=107&subsecID=295&contentID=252964 Crutsinger, Martin and Aversa, Jeannine 8 October 2008. Bush administration mulls bank stakes. 10 March 2009. http//www.freep. com/article/20081008/BUSINESS07/81008120/1015/BUSINESS02/Bush+administration+mulls+bank+stakes Curl, Joseph. 23 Oct. 2008 McCain lambastes Bush years. 10 March 2009. http//www. washingtontimes. com/news/2008/oct/23/mccain-lambastes-bush-years/ GPO Access . Civilian unemployment rate. 10 March 2009. http//www. gpoaccess. go v/eop/2009/B42. xls GPO Access . Money stock and debt measures, 19652008. 10 March 2009 http//www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B69. xls GPO Access. Bond yields and interest rates, 19292008.10 March 2009. http//www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B73. xls GPO Access. Changes in consumer price indexes for commodities and services, 19292007. 10 March 2009. http//www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B64. xls GPO Access. Foreign exchange rates, 19852008. 10 March 2009. http//www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B110. xls. Hanke, Steve H. September 24, 2008 The Bush Legacy Deflation or Inflation? 10 March 2009. http//www. cato. org/pub_display. php? pub_id=9663 Irwin, Neil and Eggen, Dan. 12 Jan. 2009.The working capital Post. Economy Made Few Gains in Bush Years Eight-Year Period Is Weakest in Decades. http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/story/2009/01/12/ST2009011200359. hypertext mark-up language National Organization for Women. 27 August 2004. Bushs Economic Failure Weakens Middle Class, Deepens Pove rty and Harms Women and Families. 10 March 2009. OECD. Macroeconomic indicators. 10 March 2009. http//stats. oecd. org/mei/default. asp? lang=e&subject=15&country=USARobinson, Woodward, Gellman. Timeline Bushs Eight Years in Office. 10 March 2009. http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/bush/legacy/timeline Shi, Leiyu and Stevens Gregory D. dangerous Populations in the United States. New York John Wiley and Sons, 2004 The High Cost of Health Care. 25 November 2007. The New York Times. 10 March 2009. http//www. nytimes. com/2007/11/25/opinion/25sun1. html? _r=1 United states Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. 10 March 2009 http//www. bls. gov/

Holfstede’s Cultural Constraints Essay

In his article Cultural Constraints in counselling Theories, G. Holfstede (1993) argues his main floor that there is really no universal management theory, such that the means to manage organizations greatly vary across countries and cultures. For instance, the concept of management in the united States is different from, say, Asia or Europe, let alone apply to the two latter regions. A specific management concept or practice may be accepted in America but it does not mean that it is also accepted in some other part of the world.Holfstede begins by exploring the origins of the concept of management in cultures in varying times and notes the differences in the management theories. For example, managers are said to be cultural heroes in British and American regions while Germans detect the engineer as the one having a heroic role precisely because German presidents and CEOs already have mastered their specialized skills and, hence, does not call for a manager. In Japan, the perman ent worker group bears the heroic role and that these workers are controlled not by managers but by their group.French people, on the other hand, do not have the notion of managers as Americans know of them. Rather, French workers think of one another as cadres, cadres being a social class obtained by learning at the proper schools and a social class maintained for a lifetime. Another case is that of Holland where the practice of managing people rests on the need for a consensus among all the involved individuals. These practices are established neither by contractual relationship nor by class distinctions but by an open-ended balancing of interests and commutation of views.In essence, Holfstede firmly maintains that the American concept of management theories vary from nation to nation and culture to culture. That being said, no management theory unique to a certain country or culture can perfectly apply to another culture and country precisely because of the variations among thes e cultures and countries. Reference Holfstede, G. (1993). Cultural Constraints in Management Theories. Academy of Management Executive, 7(1) 81-94.