Counseling Session Essay Example for Free

Counseling Session EssayCounseling can facilitate the process of overcoming or working by dint of personal issues from everyday hardship as well as potenti ally life threatening situations. This reflective paper will explore the three 50 minute counseling sittings that I attended with a professional counselor and therapist, named Cassy Johnson-Hodge. By attending these counseling session and reflecting on Ms. Johnson-Hodges counseling process I make believe begun to understand the specific skills a counselor may use in session to avail clients. Counseling requires the counselors to reach sensitively into their clients world and help them become aware of their strengths and hidden beauty (Michael S. Nystul, p 49). . The invaluable skills of open-ended questioning, paraphrasing, and reflection the counselor used had previously seemed insignificant to me, when it reality it can countersink the difference between a helpful or a non helpful session.I was unsure of what to expect, prior to our first session as I have never received any professional counseling. I was nervous and anxious on the way to the session as I was unsure of where to start or how in depth the session would be. I had planned what I was going to say during the session, but I was still not feeling confident close it. I analyzed in my head what personal issues I could discuss as a student trying to learn the counseling processes, of course this was all based on my assumptions of what the counselor would imply. My nervousness and anxiety were immediately put to rest when I walked in the room where Cassy Johnson-Hodge gave me a warm welcome.Our first session began with an introduction, and I quickly explained to her that Im a student, and Im not sure what Im supposed to be at this point. Ms. Johnson-Hodges response to me was so caring and understanding, that I immediately felt halcyon enough with her to start having, what I would consider, a normal conversation. I still felt a little nervo us , but I knewshe was providing me a good judgment free environment to talk. Ms. Johnson-Hodge kept the conversation going for the duration of the session by affirming how I felt about my personal life goals, I also felt like she really understood what I was talking about, which inadvertently encouraged me to keep talking. By the end of the first session I was really amazed at how much I had talked.I really started to feel the counselor-client relationship developing when she helped me map our sessions. The style and technique, the counselor used end-to-end our sessions provided an appropriate solution for me and satisfy the goal we both agree to work on. I felt like Ms. Johnson-Hodge listened to what I was saying and directed the conversation in a positive way by asking open-ended questions to facilitate our conversation, paraphrasing what I was saying, and allowing me to reflect on what I had said. There were also other generation when the counselor would reflect through silen ce. During such a period, I had noticed Ms. Johnson-Hodge study me and the information that I had given to her.At the end of the session, the counselor allowed me to ask her about how I feel by summarizing what I said to her. I think Ms. Johnson-Hodge did really good job as a result of clout together a number of elements that I had offered her and reflected back was helping me to explore more.Works CitedNystul, M. S. (2011). Introduction To Counseling. New Jersey Pearson Education, Inc.

Leadership Theory and Assessment Essay Example for Free

Leadership Theory and Assessment EssayEmotional comprehension Mark Orvidas Walden University Introduction I have to say that getting back to considering emotional intelligence has been a bit of a walk down retentiveness lane. When I was working for JJ, I was invited to attend a leadership workshop on emotional intelligence. As you might imagine, and probably have experienced, there were numerous individual and group exercises. I particularly remember a talk given by Daniel Goleman, he stresses the social aspects of leadership, and how it emotional competencies may trump bright competencies once a certain knowledge threshold is achieved. Later, we all receive a personalized copy of his new book, Working with Emotional Intelligence, which was the fall of 1998. cutting Insights Self-awareness is a basic competency that requires being in touch with our feelings, and using those feelings as a guide to decision making (Goleman, 1998). Being self-aware stub help build self-confide nce as a leader. While taking the assessment I felt like a Likert scale might be a more accurate scale since I found myself answering a version of sometimes to many questions (Nahavandi, 2012). Consequently, when this happened, I answered false, for to be true it should constantly be true.That said, my score on the self-awareness subsection was by far the worst (5 of 8). I realized that I really dont create opportunities to take up around myself, nor do I analyze events that affect me. I usually dont take things too personally and move on to the adjacent challenge (unless it really was my fault ). I have to say that I scored pretty well in the other categories, none perfect and I turn over this is due to the fact the my job for the last 20+ years requires a high degree of self-motivation, self-regulation, understanding and above all, social skill although, my next net score was social skills (12 of 15).I dont do to well with handling difficult people, and I dont feel like I am all that persuasive. Usually, I just let the facts speak for themselves. New Impacts I think I will take these results and pay more vigilance to the details of how a scenario has unfolded and put myself in a position to ask what I could have done differently. Use the opportunity to assess strengths and weaknesses and learn about myself. I feel like I am a pretty humble, easy-gone person but tolerate be hard on myself when the mistake is mine.I feel that as a public health leader, I would share my missteps with my team and perhaps others may do the same so we all can learn from each other in a non-threatening environment. In doing so, perhaps I will be a more authentic leader and be able to share my vision from a credible position, and others will be inspired to follow my lead. Reference Goleman, D. (1998). Working with Emotional Intelligence. New York, New York piffling Nahavandi, A. (2012). The art and science of leadership (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson.

Consumers Buying Behaviour Of Fashion Magazines

Consumers Buying Behaviour Of air Magazines movement and GQ argon the two panache and lifestyle powder magazines which atomic number 18 publish monthly. elan is published in 18 national and bingle regional edition by Conde Nast Publications. course is most far-famed as a presenter of im epochs of high fashion and high society. Vogue is giving the millions of women each month of the inspiration and ch altogetherenge to see things in a different way both for themselves and the world. GQ which is mainly direction on the mens sector is focusing on fashion, style, and culture for men, through artistic productionicles on movies, health, food, sports, music, travel and books. It is published internationally in 17 countries and 12 different languages. It is the bingle which blinds almost all the aspects of the males life.In our research the comparison of two fashion magazines, we covered the some characteristics of Consumer Buying Behaviours i.e societal changes over cadence, d emographics, personality, social mathematical group influence and consumer relationship. We withal carried out the Primary research in order to attain our research findings.History (Societal Changes)Vogue which is the worlds most influential fashion magazine was founded in the course of study 1892, by Arthur Baldwin Turnure. After his death the magazine was picked by Conde Nast who changed the magazine from a weekly to a biweekly. Vogues target listening appears to be mainly women and those who choose to hide fashion and culture as a lifestyle.Gentlemens Quarterly (GQ) has been a leading voice in mens magazines, covering mens style and culture from fashion and politics to travel, entertainment, sports, engineering and relationships. It all began in 1931, when App atomic number 18l Arts was founded as a mens fashion magazine. In 1958, App arel Arts was reborn as fashion supplement issued every quarter for Esquire subscribers and renamed Gentlemens Quarterly. Through the 1970s, G entlemens Quarterly retained its concentration on mens fashion and style. In 1983 Conde Nast purchased Gentlemens Quarterly and simplified the name to GQ.The up and downs in the growth of both magazines from the time of their first published till date,Vogue has several up and downs in every year merely from 1990 it start growing rapidly.In the beginning GQ was as strong facing difficulties in capturing the market place but when it introduced for oecumenical public it start growing rapidly.Magazine Covers, Cover Lines ContentOver time, magazines covers dedicate changed radically, and that change tidy sum be observed by following how magazines apply cover lines. This article traces the narrative of magazine cover lines from early, bookish names, through the emergence of the poster cover and its dominance, through the integration of type with art, to the proliferation of cover lines at the beginning of the 21st century.In the beginning both magazines shows a characteristic p oster cover. The stunning design dwarfs the rest of the cover, even the magazines name. The amazing illustration, the designer has utilized many of the methods that will be re-invented throughout the 20th century for integrating cover lines with cover artA large title with the models face overlapping itA model in a (nearly) full body poseA model in an unusual and communicative posture (rotated somewhat, spiralling down to the bottom cover line)Cover lines on all sides of her, carefully positioned in relation to the model and the background (The awesome Fraud is written across the beam of the sailboat, other lines appear against the sail)THEN NOWThe material bodys are no longer in the foreground. Cover lines appear in bearing of the cover models, covering significant parts of their images. We see these beautiful people through the cover lines that surround them, as if they were in the bushes and the bushes were made of words.Vogue combines a modern mix of glamour, style and wit w ith a passionate flow of intelligent writing and cutting-edge photography. Whereas GQ is the pinnacle of the premium mens lifestyle and covers style, culture, entertainment, health, sports, opulence and life.As far as magazines are concern they also changes time to time the major changes come in their quality of the paper, printing, content etc.enquiry methodologyThe research methodology was divided into two stages which involve two sources for collecting the entropy in order to achieve the objective of our project.1. Collecting data regarding the potential customers from the existing Magazines.2. Collecting the primary data directly with the customer with the help of the interviews and questionnaires (Refer Annexure-1).Research designIn this project multi stage sampling is used because the total population was too large and due to time constraint it was not practically possible to make a list of entire population. At first stage we have divided it into income wise and then furthe r divided it into three factors which we target i.e. Fashion, Style and Cosmetics so that we can get constitute and related information.Sample design consume Unit Fashion Magazine CustomersSampling Size 15 potential customersSampling technique multistage samplingSampling area LondonContact Method Personal Contacts.Demographics SegmentationIt is a check to characteristic of Human population and also used in acknowledgement of gender, race, age, income, disability, mobility, educational attainment, home ownership, employment statue and location.CLASSES IN DEMOGRAPHICSSHOPPING ORIENTATIONVALUE, LIFESTYLECONCEPTUAL BACKGROUNDSHOPPING ATTITUDELIFE STYLEThis has been described as gaining the understanding of your customers.STRENGTHHere are the strategies which the gq magazines uses to get the audience of their customers. The magazines consider age in publication of their magazines because their target audience are male with age 25-39 and gq magazine have desire for style. The success w ith style has always been the ethos around which gq was created, a provocative mix of the very best writing, strong visuals and an unrivalled aesthesis of achievement, intelligence and irreverence, the ultimate urban mens tips sheet. Its the pinnacle of the premium mens life style magazine market and covers style, culture, entertainment, tech, health, sport, luxury and life.In vogue magazine it is a famous as a presenter of images of high fashion and high society. This publisher of the magazine also includes art, culture, politics and ideas to enhance the readers more(prenominal) than on information.At the front pages of the both magazines theirs are some icons of information displayed on it with the details of the stories in side, which means that the magazines are educating to the customers.VOGUE MAGAZINEAGE-The age of the target audience is 25-54 and the 82% of the readers are female. Again the 65% of the reader are full time or part time workers and the 26% of the readers are in AB socioeconomic quintile. Final the average household income is AUB 84, 850.( Roy Morgan Research March 2009.)READERSHIP-348,000.CIRCULATION-50,752. (ABC statement June 2009)GQ MAGAZINEAGE-The age of the target audience is 25-30 and the 73% of the readers are men, 63% are single.INCOME-The 65% of the readers had annual income of $50000 or greater and 25% had an annual income greater than $75000.SEGMENTATIONThe vogue magazine implemented strategies which helps them to gain the customers by dividing their formats which are-Information seekersSensation seekersUtilitarian consumersConspicuous consumerIt was also revealed that fashion lifestyle segment have a very stronger effect in the vogue magazine readers because in the world today an average person want to be informed and perceives products or services he is purchasing.PersonalityThe specific qualities, attributes, traits, factors, and mannerism that distinguishes one individual from other individuals.VogueFemininitySinceritySo phisticationNeed for cognitionSuper egoHigh dogmatismCompliant individualsColour (Pink)Vogue is targeting the female sector and in its most of its issues femininity is very clear. On the cover page of magazine they are using the female models with sublime makeover to disembowel its target market. The magazine is making every effort in order to create the sincerity among its customers. They make them impression as a part of the magazine group by introducing the brands and celebrities of the liking of its customers. As they are targeting the female sector so the sophistication is an important element in it. They are introducing more and more glamorous, charming and appealing objects in the magazine. Cognition is the development of information to knowledge. The act of cognition consists of representing and transforming information. This can be done by sensing something directly, or indirectly by reasoning. The magazine is realizing this need and they are including the advertisements that are more perceived by the target market. Still there is much more to do in it to further reach to the wants of the people they are targeting. The magazine readers are super ego people who do have their self beliefs and attitudes. They have the personality collected of their internalized ideals that they have acquired from their parents and from society they buy the farm to. People they are targeting are high in dogmatism and cull established products rather than new advanced ones. They feel they are comfortable with what they are used to. The people magazine is targeting are high compliant individuals who have lofty goals in their lives and wants to be prominent from all others they are part of. The magazine is using light colours manage pink and sky blue etc. which give the feelings to be cool and are highly attractive for women and more demanding in their lifestyles.GQMasculinitySincerityRuggednessProduct PersonalityEgoLow dogmatismAggressive individualsColour (Black wh ite)GQ is focusing on the lifestyles of men so they are using more masculine attracted styles and products. There target market men are also very sober towards the brand selection and products that are denote in the magazine. They feel comfortable with what they get in the magazine. The target market is more rugged towards their burn up for the products. They like aggressive styles and get more involved in these kinds of advertisements. The product personality mainly matches with the demands and likings of the men. The target market of GQ is egoistic and they feel themselves a part of the association if they are getting that what they want. They are in usual having low dogmatism so the people the magazine is targeting are closed minded persons generally prefer innovative products to traditional alternatives. They are normally the trend setters in their society. They want to try different and new things in order to get more drawing card in a group they belong to. They are usuall y aggressive in nature and like to be prominent among others. They love to be more experimental in their ideas and approach towards the lifestyles. The GQ normally uses the colour combinations of black and white in order to show the aggressiveness in their styles and products.Social groupsThere is a difference when consumers make decisions of their perception as an individual and perception of themselves as a member of a group. Their purchase is affected by taking these factors into consideration. (Gary Charness Luca Rigotti Aldo Rustichini, 2005)The motivation to be a part of the particular group depends upon how attractive the Reference group is. These Reference groups sometimes influence that what product is purchased regardless of its brand but on some occasions brand matters but not the decision that what product to buy. (John OShaughnessy, 1995)Social groups are the communication network within the society. Sometimes the general communication within a society is so influentia l that it effects more than the proper and highly budgeted advertisements. (John OShaughnessy, 1995)There are three reference group influences informational, utilitarian and value expressive. Informational influence is when individual seeks information or so various brands from association of professionals. Utilitarian is when he or she satisfies the expectations of fellow work associates and Value expressive influence is when individual feels that the purchase or use of a particular brand will enhance the image others have of him or her. GQ users are those who generally have utilitarian influence and try to purchase those products which are preferred by the people they have the social interaction with. On the other relegate Vogue target market has mostly Value expressive influence as they want to purchase the brand which they feel that will enhance the image the others have about them. So they feel that by using particular brand they will look as nice as the person publicize th e brand is.According to some psychologists there is the existence of trio of needs. These needs can be summed within Maslows theory but considered as individually. These needs have the unique relevance to consumer motivation in a group. These are power, affiliation and achievement. These are ego, social and self actualization needs respectively. As both Vogue and GQ are targeting the upper middle class so these needs plays an important role in the behaviour of the individual to get influenced by the group they belong to. The target market of GQ is more of the field of professionals and they want to be different in their groups. So they carry expensive products and whenever they see some new innovative product they try to be the first to introduce in their group. Vogue users are mostly females and females are usually more sensitive in their approach towards fashion and style in the group they belong to. They are very much conscious about trying new things so they go for the products that are more attracting to them in a group they belong to.Consumer relationshipConsumer Relations is all about satisfying, safeguarding, enhancing, monitoring, and being responsive towards consumers needs remain profitable.Vogue and GQ are the living example of consumer relationship, since the day of their First Edition till date they never compromised on the factors of consumer relationship and due to which they retain their old consumers as well as attracting new customers, this has become possible because they are continuously taking feedback from their consumers and enhancing the quality in term of their contents and keeping it up to date harmonize to their consumers needs.This responsiveness towards consumers made these magazines successful in their own categories. The strong relationship of Vogue and GQ magazines with their consumers increases their growth in the market.Data AnalysisThe above chart shows that the income of 20% of the Vogue users is less than 50,000 while 45% of the magazine users fall under the income range of 100,000 and we found no user of vogue in our sample size of it whose income level is above 100,000. In case of GQ users most of the users have the income level around 100,000 or more.The above graph inferences that mostly womens (around 60 %) goes for Vogue magazines is because of the Fashion Trends, around 40 % prefer style and the rest 10 % purchase it to get latest update about the cosmetics and accessories.This graph inference that mostly mens (around 60 %) goes for GQ magazines is because of the Style, around 40 % prefer Fashion Trends and as this magazine is mostly targeting the male gender of the society, so people do not prefer it for cosmetics.When we asked about the contents of the magazine such as brands, advertisements, articles etc. the majority of respondents replied in favour of it these magazines as shown in the above charts.CONCLUSIONS AND FINDINGSSince Fashion is continuously changing and market is increasing, p eople are purchasing Fashion magazines to get up to date with the current and upcoming Fashion and Style.QuestionnaireName _________________________________________GenderMaleFemale byplayBusinessServiceStudentUnemployedWhat is your annual income? Less than 50,00050,001 75,00075,001 100,000More than 100,001Which Fashion Magazine do you prefer?VogueGQ Gentlemen QuarterlyWhich factor you prefer most while buying a magazine?FashionStyleCosmeticsWhat do you think about the content of this magazine?GoodAverage worthlessIf the particular magazine was not available in the market will you go for any other magazine?DefinitelyNo, I will check for itIf you see your favourite celebrity endorsing in some other magazine would you switch from your existing magazine?Yes, for sureNo,Do you discuss about the brands advertised in the magazine with your friends?Yes, I always doNo(www.newsspace.com.an/gq)(http//www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1628136show=pdf)(www.wisegeek.com/what-is-mag azine-advertising.htm)http//quazen.com/reference/about-vogue/ixzz17XHMV3BMhttp//www.google.co.uk/search?q=history+of+vogue+magazinehl=enrlz=1R2SKPB_enGB399prmd=ivtbs=tl1tbo=uei=76v_TJaMKcGIhQf358CvCwsa=Xoi=timeline_resultct=titleresnum=11ved=0CFoQ5wIwCghttp//www.google.co.uk/search?q=history+of+gq+magazinehl=enprmd=ivsa=Xei=eqv_TO-AK5KwhAes5u3VCwved=0CHoQpQItbs=tl1,tlul1930,tluh2010.http//aejmcmagazine.bsu.edu/testfolder/http//www.bookrags.com/history/vogue-sjpc-05/http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=MvilOZhaRkACpg=PA10lpg=PA10dq=role+of+personality+in+vogue+magazinesource=blots=QxDa7RWl7Ssig=SB7BzSjhBTmJ_C_0la7K8f-A0Jghl=enei=sMH_TLS4GsjAhAf9j8miCwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=10ved=0CEIQ6AEwCQv=onepageqf=false

Role of Media in Society

Role of Media in SocietyMedia is considered to be the 4th pillar of the society era the other three being legislative, executive and judiciary. It plays an important affair in the welfare of the society, on the job(p) as an informer, an educator, a form of entertainment and an opinion influencer. In Malaysia, media and politics are co-dependent because through this, democracy is formed. Mustafa (1999) stated that in this broad context of democracy, the mass media plays an important role by supplying media users with a platform to obtain entropy, exchange views and at the same time give feedback to the government however this is overshadowed by the states official view that the media should be functioning as an essential tool to promote guinea pig development, national unison and national security.The Mainstream Media and PoliticsThe Malaysian mainstream press can be categorised as having gone through a major period of change since the early mid-eighties in terms of ownership and healthy as flourished amendments and policies that serves as a form of gate-keeping and interpret over the media. All forms of media introduced, news showpaper, radio and television, directly went under the escort of the government or companies that were aligned with the government.In Malaysia, obtaining information is often a tedious affair and can be frustrating apply non exactly for journalists solely for the globe because there are no Freedom of Information (FOI) laws. One of the events that aided towards a tight control over the mainstream media was during the 1969 elections, Barisan case while retaining a majority, lost many seats to extremist Chinese and Malay parties Yesudhasan Wong (2010) stated that Malaysia experienced one of the worst incident of ethnic violence in its history that came to be known as the May 13 incident. As part of the governments plan to sustain social order then, the government suspend the publications for tout ensemble newspapers for t wo days starting from 16 May 1969, subsequently introduced a censorship law and banned the circulation of certain foreign magazines and newspapers that contained reports of the violence in Kuala Lumpur (Mustafa, 1999) due(p) to the incident, the government declared to nourish the rights to censor items that were deemed dangerous to national security. The Malaysian government appears to be misusing arguments of religious sensitive and cultural issues to manipulate the political system by limiting political freedom of the resistivity and civil society which makes Malaysia a less democratic state (Azizuddin, 2008) Then, a new established body, the National Operations Council (NOC) was formed to resuscitate parliamentary democracy, rebuild public confidence and engender ethic harmony and a form contributing towards forming ethic harmony an amendment was form whereby it prohibited any act, speech or publication that has a tendency to bring feelings of ill-will and enmity amidst the v arious ethnic groups (Zaharom, 1999) Thus the rugged hold over the mainstream media begins.Many government leaders in the developing world justify their control over the media in terms of jealousy guarding and directional its members towards the supposedly noble path of national development and to ensure that the media does not f solely into the wrong hands or in other words, state control over the mainstream media has transcendly been justified in the name of national development and national security (Mustafa, 2004)During elections, the media plays an important role in publicizing as well as plays a part in advertising politicians as well as their campaign. The mainstream media is fully controlled by Barisan Nationals needs to not only publicise but as Mustafa (2005) stated, flaunt to the whole republic BNs achievements, particularly in the area of socioeconomic development. A wide coverage would done on the pro-government and minimal insurance coverage would be done on the o pposition. Media ownership generally plays in role in why Barisan national is constantly being flaunt and portrayed as the political caller to vote for.After Malaysia gained independence in 1957, the mainstream print media was owned by private sector companies. Then the United Malays National constitution (UMNO) made a successful bid for the Utusan Melayu a few years afterwards. Over the years, the major English newspaper, The New Straits Times was also interpreted over by UMNO of the ruling National Front, while The Star was bought over by the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) and mainstream television channels like TV1, TV2 and TV3 were born, controlled by the government.According to an analysis on the coverage of Malaysias 2004 general elections by four mainstream newspapers (The Star, the New Straits Times (NST), Berita Harian and Utusan Melayu), the total number of news items that were positive towards BN among all four major newspapers were roughly 40% and above. The other part of the percentage went straight to new items that were negative towards the opposition. Only a slight number of news (4% and below) were negative new items towards BN. Mustafa (2005) also highlighted sample of headlines used by these newspapers that gave an idea of hawk news reporting Malaysians prefer Pak Lahs vision of Islam (NST, March 15 2004), Perlis merana jika pilih pembangang (Perlis suffers if opposition is voted) (Utusan Melayu, March 16 2004 ) This shows a high level of bias coverage within the highly influential mainstream newspapers during the 2004 general elections.Alternative Media and PoliticsWith an obvious slant reporting and biasness from the mainstream media, cyber news is slowly taking over, becoming a more focused, better written, more informative and selection to the mainstream newspapers and media. Like in the case of Marina Mahathir with The towboat that wasnt this piece was spiked by the Star because it touched in issues that were sensitive but sin ce The Malaysian Multimedia and Communication Acts of 1998 promises that No censorship would be applied on Internet content, Marina published her column online together with ranting on why her column was spiked. What would stop the public now from reading that column online and fork over the same reaction if it was published in the mainstream newspaper?A study conducted by Zentrum Future Studies Malaysia in 2008 involving 1, 500 respondents between the age of 21 and 40 showed that the alternate(a) media holds a big influence on young Malaysians. In the study, 64.5% of those ages from 21 to 30 years old trusted blogs and online media for reliable information. Those between 31 and 40 years old, 61.7% believed that information in blogs and online media are true. (Study Shows Why BN Lost the War, 2008)Yesudhasan Wong (2010) said that the young readership in Malaysia believes that the mainstream media are under the control of the government, always working continuously to ensure that the news are pro-government and has no or limited reports on sensitive issues. Various alternative news portals such as Malaysia Today, Malaysian Insider, Harakah Daily and MalaysiaKini provide media users with the alternative source to obtain political news or for those who have generally lost faith with the mainstream media.The parliamentary elections in 2008 brought the alternative media to a different level when weblogs, text messages and copies of Internet-streamed videos became the most influential information sources for voters ahead that resulted in a surprise blow to the Barisan National (BN) party, which has ruled the country for more than 50 years. After BNs worst election showing, in which it lost its two-thirds majority in the parliament, Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi acknowledged March 25 that his coalition certainly lost the Internet war, and added that it was a serious misjudgement for his party to rely solely on government-controlled newspapers and televisio n in its efforts to attract voters, (Kaufman, 2008). The alternative media gave media users a feel to hear what opposition parties have to say as it is not controlled by the government.Due to this, the government realize that the new media or alternative media is an important transferral in the political scene. Now, politicians are looking into the internet to gain communicate and display information to the mass society of internet users. Parti Keadilan Rakyat, Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim is in the blogspere at www.anwaribrahim.com, with regular updates on PKR as well as him opinions on what Malaysian the government should be doing.SMS is also another form of alternative media, in fact it is a rather powerful form of communication tool if used wisely. Generally, there has been a passive use of SMS for politicians to pass on messages as well as information to voters from a national voter database, as well a more interactive use of it for politicians to communicate with party represen tatives, voters or the media (Kaur and Halimahton, 2004)A investigate done by Kaur and Halimahton (2004) analysed contents of several election-related SMS for the 2004 general election sent from the nomination date until a few days after the election ended that were being sent among 238 respondents. This number was the final sample for the pilot study. According to research, 51 general election-related messages sent by friends, colleagues, family members, political party members and NGOs were collected between nomination day, 13 March 2004, and polling day, 21 March 2004. Only one message could categorized as informative, provided by communication provider MAXIS, informing voters that they should impediment their voting status and voting location through SMS. Only a few proved to be informative and useful in helping voters with information on the general election. 19 out of 50 were shown to be ridiculing or condemning messages towards Barisan National.60.5% of the respondents found the election-related messages to be useful and informative. 27% found the messages to be mirthful where as about 6% found the messages to be a nuisance. Thought most found the SMS to be useful and informative, only 31.9% were influenced to support a party of individual base on what they received. Data collected showed that the public primarily uses SMS to for jokes or to criticize certain candidates or political parties, no serious word was found among the sample of SMS messages to persuade voters to vote in a certain way.Another form of alternative media, Al-Jazera English (AJE) believes in their mission to provide share to the voiceless. In a survey done by AJE on how AJE is perceived by participants, the respondents of the survey gave a ranking of more positive than negative, showing the respondents had a favourable perception of AJE with regard to how it performed the conciliatory media functions (Mohammed and Power, 2010) Among the points that participants agreed on was tha t AJE provided a public place for politically underrepresented groups, AJE provides multiple view points on a innovation of controversial issues and that AJE represents the interests of the international public in general rather than a specific group of people.During the protest that broke out in November 10, 2007 organized by BERSIH with the aim of reforming the electoral process, up to an estimated of 40,000 protestors came with force to draw attention from the government. What began as a peaceful protest, the Malaysian police tried to vanquish protestors with tear throttle and fire hoses. The image of such going ons were shocking and while, the mainstream broadcast and print failed to cover the protests but obtain minimal coverage, AJE covered the whole thing withstand and in detail (Mohammed and Power, 2010) The coverage done by AJE was then placed online, on YouTube, receiving more than 250,000 viewers within the first week of the protest resulting in a largely stated influe nced media resulted in the Malaysian mainstream medias largest credibility crisis to date (Mohammed and Power, 2010)Media, Politics and the Public SphereThe role of the media is to act as a natural rubber valve to release any pent-up emotions on any issue or combination of issues facing our country with the heavy ownership by government, the credibility and reliableness of our mainstream media might die out one day. The media also acts as a public sphere that is critically important for modern societies as it serves as a forum whereby the public can communicate collectively on relevant issues as well as allowing citizens to inform or update themselves on societal developments to observe and control political, economic and other elites (Gerhards and Schafer, 2010)However, due to the hold back and tight gate-keeping from the mainstream media, Mustafa (2005) stated that the public sphere in Malaysian society has been however constrained so that ordinary citizens and concerned civil h ave not been able to fully express their views and to directly participate in the countrys democratic process. primitively this year, NTV7 producer resigned in protest over his companys decision to stop his talk show from commenting on the upcoming by-election at Hulu Selangor, following pressure said to have emanated directly from the ruling coalition. A TV2 documentary on the controversial Bakun Dam and the forced relocation of Sarawaks natives was forced off the air, just before the Sibu parliamentary by-election took place. It is clear that open debate has little room to flourish in Malaysia, (Yeoh, 2010)Malaysiakini, an example of a alternative publication that flourished tremendously after the 2008 general elections. Steele (2009) stated that it is not the Internet that challenges the Barisan Nationals stranglehold power but it is actually the norms and values of independent journalism that have made MalaysiaKini such a brat to government authorities. This ideology of creati ng independent journalism with the alternative media not only changes those who work within the public sphere but also creates a democratic space for public discourse, one that the Malaysian society lacks. It not only gives voice to the voiceless but concrete prove or forms of information through video, audio and feedback tools. It shows media users sides of stories that they may not see. The seemingly mechanistic tools of fairness and balance, did you get the quote from the other side? become a means of guaranteeing that all voices will be comprehend (Steele, 2009)ConclusionThe media plays an important role in the welfare of the society, working as an informer, an educator, a form of entertainment and an opinion influencer. With the current media ownership that poses credible threat and questions the credibility to the role of the media media users need to consider, who to trust now? Political issues are highly dependent on the media as it is highlights what is important and is h ighly influential and so it works as a form to influence the political mind-set of media users. With the mainstream constantly bombarding pro-government issues towards society, media users now yearn for a different point of view, shifting to the alternative media to abstract that diverse opinion. In sight of how the media and politics are inter-wined, it is important that the opinions and comments of the public take place to form a democracy, in the words of Abraham capital of Nebraska for the people, by the people and of the people. Thus, the public sphere is important in the role to collect or obtain the voices of the public. The alternative media has already taken the role in proving that space for the public to take part in forming the countrys democracy it is now up to the mainstream media to do the same, for a better political constitution of the country.

The Impact Of Using Athletes As Celebrity Endorsers Marketing Essay

The Impact Of Using Athletes As Celebrity Endorsers Marketing EssayThe Sports industry is a highly valued form of social interaction in the United Kingdom and around the world. Major sports events attract millions of viewers and trigger strong opinions. Athletes are perceived as role models and consumers tend to take athletes, especi wholey those with a positive public epitome.But does the role of athletes in renown endorsements always allude on the purchasing decisions of consumers?Endorsement advertising is a strong weapon in the packaging of harvests and services. The use of celebrities as endorsers is one of its most popular forms of advertising by many organisations.According to Sliburyte (2009) empirical certify indicates that approximately 20 to 25% of campaignments feature some famous person as a growth endorser.Many organisations have the notion that using athletes as celebrity endorsers will mince to successful selling of their products to consumers. According t o Fill (2002) celebrities are used to enable the message being conveyed to stand out among the jumble and noise that typifies many markets. While it has been proven by great deals of academic literatures, that the use of celebrities in advertising generates a lot of publicity and attention from the public, this enquiry is centered on some arguments still needed to be explored further. For an instance, what is the combination of celebrity and products or services being endorsed? How consistent are consumers purchasing behaviours regarding the endorsed product and does veto media involving the celebrity impact on consumers bribeing behaviours of the product. For this reason, it is of great interest to investigate this topic further.Atkin Block (1983) pointed out there were two reasons why celebrity endorsers have gained so much popularityThey are traditionally viewed as being highly dynamic, having both attractive and likeable qualities.Their fame is thought to attract attention to the productIt is the aim of this dissertation to integrate the search on marking, endorsement and consumer behaviour in order to study the impact of the use of athletes as celebrity endorsers in advertisements to find out how consumers view these advertisements by measuring their lieus toward the advertisement and the celebrity and their purchased purports towards the endorsed items.For this look, Adidas and Gillette, two companies regularly using celebrities in endorsing their products will be analysed to demonstrate the impact the use of celebrities in advertising their brand has on consumer purchasing behaviours. Gillette is a brand of Procter Gamble currently used for safety razors, among other personal hygienics products. The company is ground in Boston, Massachusetts and is one of several brands originally owned by The Gillette Company, a leading global supplier of products under motley brands, which was acquired by PG in 2005. Their slogan is, The Best a Man Can Ge t (Gillette.com) On the other hand, Adidas AG is a German-based sports apparel manufacturer and arouse company of the Adidas Group, which consists of the Reebok sportswear company, Taylor Made-adidas golf company, and Rockport. The company is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe and the second biggest sportswear manufacturer in the world, after its U.S. rival Nike (adidas.com)This research will focus on a series of advertisements on TV, and Magazine by celebrities Tiger Woods Thierry Henry for Gillette and David Beckham for Adidas and the impact of these advertisements on motivation to buy and evaluation of usage by consumers. The choice to use these athletes in the analysis is simply because of the negative press they have had in the past.To reach this, the following research questions will be askedWhy do organisations use athletes as celebrity endorsers?How are the athletes selected?How commode the risks of using athlete endorsers be described?What does the celebrity confront and what does the advertiser want to communicate with the buyer when they see the celebrity promoting the product.Hypotheses are as followOrganisations use athletes as celebrity endorsers to emergence the brand image and identity of the product.Consumers are likely to purchase the products once they see it has been advertised by a celebrity.Should the lifestyle of the celebrity change, this will impact on consumers attitude to the brand and purchasing behaviour.SOURCESBooksAaker, D.A (1991) Managing brand equity Capitalizing on the value of a brand name. New York The free pressAaker, D.A (1996) Building Strong Brands, New York The forgive PressBelch, G.E. Belch, M.A. (1999), Advertising and Promotion An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective. Boston McGraw-HillFill, C (2002) Marketing Communications Context, Strategies and Applications. 3rd Ed. Essex Pearson Education Limited.Tellis, G.J., (1998), Advertising and sales promotion strategy. Reading Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc.Online JournalsAtkins, C Block, M (1983), Effectiveness of celebrity endorsers. Journal of advertising research, Vol.23, No.2, pp. 57-61 visible(prenominal) from Accessed on 26/03/2010Charbonneau, J. Garland, R., (2005), Talent, looks or Brains? New Zealand AdvertisingPractitioners Views on Celebrity and Athlete Endorsers. Marketing Bulletin, Vol.16, No.3, pp.1-10Available from Accessed on 04/04/2010Friedman, H Friedman, L. (1979), Endorser effectiveness by product type, Journal of advertising research, Vol.19, No.5 pp.63-71Available from Accessed on 27/03/2010Floyd, A.G.,(1999), An examination of the three-order hierarchy model. Theories of persuasive communication and consumer decision making. Vol.4, No.1, pp.20-32Available from Accessed on 29/03/2010Kahle, L.R., Homer, P.M. (1985), Physical attractiveness of the celebrity endorser a social rendering perspective, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 11 pp.954-61.Available from Accessed on 29/03/2010Kel man, H.C.,(1961), Process of opinion change. Public opinions quarterly, Vol.25, pp.57-58Available from Accessed on 28/03/2010Langmeyer, L Shank, M.(1994), Managing beauty-products and people, Journal of product brand management, Vol. 3 No.3, pp.27-38Available from Accessed on 29/03/2010McCracken, G. (1989), Who is the celebrity endorser? Cultural foundations of the endorsement process, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp.310-21.Available from Accessed on 27/03/2010Ohanian, R., (1990), Construction and formation of a scale to measure celebrity endorsers perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. Journal of Advertising. Vol.19. No.3, pp.39-52Available from Accessed on 28/03/2010Ohanian, R., (1991), The impact of celebrity spokespersons perceived image on consumers invention to purchase, Journal of Advertising research. Vol.13. No.1, pp.46-55Available from Accessed on 28/03/2010 small, R.E. et al. (1983), Central and peripheral routes to advertising effe ctiveness the moderating role of involvement, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 10 pp.135-46.Available from Accessed on 27/03/2010Sliburyte, L. (2009), How celebrities can be used in advertising to the best advantage. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 5 August 2009.Available from Accessed on 26/03/2010Till, B.D. Shrimp, T.A. (1995), Can negative celebrity information hurt the endorsed brand?, Proceedings of AMA Winter Educators Conference, pp.154-5.Available from Accessed on 29/03/2010White, D.W et al (2009) The effects of negative information transference in the celebrity endorsement relationship, International Journal of retail and distribution management, Vol.37 No.4, pp.322-335Available from Accessed on 28/03/2010INTERNET SOURCESAdidas (2010) OnlineAvailable from Accessed on 05/04/2010Forbes (2010) OnlineAvailable from Accessed on 09/04/2010Gillette (2010) OnlineAvailable from Accessed on 05/04/2010Morin, R (2002), When celebrity endorsers go bad online. Wa shington Post.Available from Accessed on 30/03/2010Playing field promotions (2010) OnlineAvailable from Accessed on 05/04/2010XE bullion Converter (2010) OnlineAvailable from Accessed on 09/04/2010LITERATURE REVIEWThe review of literature will focus on the theories of celebrity endorsements in sports, advertising and the theory of brand perception as well as the models used in celebrity selection.The history of the use of celebrities as endorsers dates back to the eighteenth century when British actress Lillie Langtry became the first celebrity endorser in the world by featuring on mail boats of pears soap (Morin, 2002).Since then, the use of celebrity endorsers in advertising has change magnitude and endorser strategy is now one of the most popular marketing practices used by organisations to increase brand awareness.According to PFP (2010), a sports celebrity gift agency, companies spend close to one billion dollars equivalent to almost 660 million GBP (see table 1.0 below fo r currency conversion) on endorsements each year.Organisations practice this strategy with the intention to increase consumers purchase intentions and pick outences towards the brand.Table 1.0 Currency conversion from United State Dollars to Great British PoundsLive rates at 2010.04.10 081128 coordinated universal time1,000,000,000.00 USD650,749,339.25 GBPUnited States DollarsUnited Kingdom Pounds1 USD = 0.650749 GBP1 GBP = 1.53669 USD pedigree Adapted from XE (Universal Currency Converter)McCracken (1989) provided a definition for a celebrity as individuals who savor public recognition and who use this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement.A celebrity endorser as highlighted by Friedman Friedman (1979) is an individual who is known to the public for his/her achievements in areas other than that of the product class endorsed.A celebrity athlete according to Charbonneau Garland (2005) is a publicly recognized sports star who uses that public recognition to help another (usually a corporate client) sell or bolster the image of specific goods and services.Belch Belch (2001) ask that for a celebrity to be chosen as an endorser, he/she must be perceived as credible and trustworthy by consumers. This is very grand because as pointed out by (Kelman, 1961 Ohanian, 1991) information from a credible source can influence beliefs, opinions, attitudes and /or behavior through a process called internationalization, which occurs when receivers take on a source influence in terms of their personal attitude and value structures.Forbes.com lists the top 10 highest paid celebrity athletes between June 2008 and June 2009 by evaluating their mesh from salaries, bonuses, prize money, endorsements and licensing income.Table 2.0 shows the top ten highest paid athletes of 2009.AthleteEarnings in millions between 06/08 -06/09Tiger Woods$110 =72Kobe Bryant$45 =30Michael Jordan$45 =30Kimi Raikkonen$45 = 30David Beckham$42 =28LeBron Ja mes$40 =27Phil Mickelson$40 =27Manny Pacquiao$40 = 27Valentino Rossi$35 =23Dale Earnhardt Jr.$34 =22Source Adapted from www.forbes.comThe exchange rate used in calculations during my pre- research was Currency Conversion adapted from XE (Universal Currency Converter) Conversion from USD to GBP has been rounded up to a whole number.Source http//www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgiIn this study, the focus on the use of athletes as celebrity endorsers will be in advertising campaigns.According to Fill (2002) the main roles of advertising are to build awareness, induce a dialogue and to (re)position brands by changing either perception or attitudes.Advertising is important because it can influence audiences by informing or reminding them of the existence of a brand.For a message to be communicated effectively, it should have the right level audience, capable of gaining attention, understandable and unimpeachable.The importance of brands to organisations is very important. Fill (2002) pointed o ut that a successful brand is one which creates and sustains a strong, positive and lasting impression in the mind of the buyer.Aaker (1991) goes on further to say a brand is a distinguishing name and/or symbol (such as a logo, trademark, or package design) think to identify the goods or services of either one seller or a group of sellers, and to differentiate those goods or services from those of competitors.In order to increase sales of their products, organisations must use means to communicate their products to consumers.According to Aaker (1996) brand awareness refers to the strength of a brands presence in the consumers mind. Brand awareness is the might of a potential buyer to recognize or recall that a brand is a member of a certain product category.It involves a continuum ranging from an ambiguous feeling that the brand is recognized, to a belief that it is the only one in the product class.It is the belief that by using a celebrity endorser to advertise a brand, the ind irect information transmitted to the consumer becomes more credible and more relevant. The result is that the consumer has the perception of a higher quality for the advertised product (Floyd, 1999). Since consumers prefer high quality over low quality, the endorsed product is more likely to be purchased.However, with benefits comes risks involving the use of celebrity endorsers in advertising. Controversy involving the endorser can lead to corporate embarrassments and transfer of negative attitudes to the brand (Till Shrimp, 1998).White et al (2009) adapted Miciak Shanklins (1994) statement which pointed out that when an endorsers image becomes tarnished by allegations of illicit, unethical, unusual, or even slightly unlawful behavior, this instantly creates problems for the endorsement.The recent scandal of Golf professional Tiger Woods in 2009 (Tiger Woods Sex Scandal , 2009) is an example of how negative publicity can affect an endorsed brand. This led to a drop in his endorse ment deals with many of his clients. However, if this was the case, why did he still manage to gain $110 million in a year, taking the lead of best paid athlete that year (Forbes.com) even with the negative press? Did the scandal influence sale of Gillette products at all?Other risks are overshadowing, Overexposure, financial risks, and so on and so forth.According to Tellis (1998), celebrities by their very nature are public figures whose moves are carefully watched by the media and whose achievements and failings are quickly publicized.As observed frequently, when a star is on the rise, the media will glorify him/ her and when faced with negative publicity, the media will gloat over it.Petty et al (1983) mentioned there were two main routes whereby consumers received information communicated to them and acted in accordance with it. These are the central and peripheral routes.Kahle Homer(1985) pointed out attractive celebrities were more acceptable and brought more influence to be ar on the recipient of the advertisement than charmless ones.This theory was disagreed by Langmeyer Shank (1994) who pointed out that the concept of source attractiveness was not near limited to good looks but also included abilities in sports, charisma, grace, tact and intelligence.Several models have been created by many scholars over the years to aid in the selection process of a good celebrity endorser.McCracken (1989) introduced the Meaning Transfer Model which maintains that celebrity endorsers must possess cultural meanings such as spot and lifestyle, which can transfer to the products being endorsed.Ohanian (1990) also identified a Source-credibility scale see figure 1 below, which celebrities had to possess in order to make their advertisements believable and increase purchase level of the product.Table 1 below demonstrates the variables of the source credibility scale.AttractivenessTrustworthinessExpertiseUnattractive-AttractiveUndependable-DependableNot an expert-Exper tNot Classy-ClassyDishonest-HonestInexperienced-ExperiencedUgly-BeautifulUnreliable-ReliableUnknowledgeable-KnowledgeablePlain-ElegantInsincere-SincereUnqualified-QualifiedNot sexy-SexyUntrustworthy-TrustworthyUnskilled-SkilledSource Ohanian, R. (1990)METHODOLOGYSecondary data will be sourced from brand textbooks written by widely recognized authors like Leslie de Chernatony and Malcolm McDonald, Ohanian, Kotler etc.In addition, web based articles and publications will also be used. Journals such as Journal of advertising research etc., which can be sourced from the University electronic database such as Emerald, provided in the Thames valley library will also be sourced.Primary data will be collected using a questionnaire designed to understand consumers perceptions on the use of athletes as celebrity endorsers, by measuring their attitudes and perceptions towards the advertised products and their purchase intentions towards the product.A quote sample size of 100 people will be ch osen, and the focus will be on students.The locations where the questionnaires are to be carried out will be TVU campus and Reading University Campus. A convenience sample of 50 per location cock-a-hoop 100 in total is planned. It is intended to obtain specific information about consumers buying behaviours towards the endorsed products, and for that matter, the respondents will have to have at least watched the Gillette or Adidas advertisement or purchased a Gillette/ Adidas product in the last year. Due to time limitations, the focus will be on UK consumers onlyData to be generated by the questionnaires include personal data such as age, gender, income etc. to build a demographic profile of the sample.In terms of data analysis, the SPSS package will be implemented, to analyse the data generated by the questionnaire.

American Beauty, directed by Sam Mendes and The Virgin Suicides, direct

Reality. Merriam Websters Online Dictionary defines reality as something that is neither derivative nor dependent save exists necessarily. But what is real by todays standards? Does what appears to be normal equal reality? By looking at two different films it seems that the old cliche stands correct. Things arent as they appear. American apricot and The pure Suicides give classic examples of how normal and happy suburban life is anything but. American Beauty, directed by Sam Mendes (1999) and The Virgin Suicides, directed by Sofia Coppola (2000), touch many of the same themes even though the plots are contrasted. Underneath the layers of white picket fences, beautiful houses, and safe neighborhoods, lies a truth. A truth so unconsolable that it leads to the destruction of many images in both of these movies.The first element that must be looked at is the imprisonment of the characters in both films. The main character of American Beauty, Lester Burnham, is the man whom feels t he burden of imprisonment the most. He is in an ongoing marriage that should be coming up to the red light. He is also stuck in a job where he feels under appreciated and not well respected. He has been at this job for fourteen years. That is fourteen years of being in jail. It is kind of evident that he is not happy. Who would be when you know that your wife and you daughter think that you are a gigantic loser (American Beauty)? Lester is not the only character who suffers from this. His wife Carolyn and daughter Jane both know what it is like to feel trapped in an unhappy life. Carolyn is engrossed by image. She has the notion that she cannot be happy unless everything appears as perfect. And Jane, feeling the weight of her parents, wants to break off from her prison, her home life. She like most teens views her parents as weird and wants out of that life.In The Virgin Suicides the characters that are the most imprisoned are the five Lisbon sisters. After the youngest sister plu nged to her death during the first party they were allowed to have, and Lux came home late after the homecoming dance, their parents literally dour their home into a prison. For most children, mothers and fathers set boundaries for the Lisbons, its iron bars (Berardinelli). They were not allowed out, had the tree cut down that was near their window, and even had true(a) bars put on the window... ... Youre not even old enough to know how hard life gets, he tells her. Obviously, doctor, she says, youve never been a 13-year-old girl. No, but his profession and every adult life is to some degree a search for the happiness she does not even know she has. (Ebert).BibliographyBerardinelli, James, Review American Beauty, http//movie-reviews.colossus.net/movies/a/american_beauty.html, 1999Berardinelli, James, Review The Virgin Suicides, http//movie-reviews.colossus.net/movies/v/sirgin_sucides.html, 2000Bowman, James, Suffering Poses, American Spectator, Jun 2000, Vol 33, Issue 5, p. 66Ebe rt, Roger, American Beauty, Chicago Sun-Times, http//www.suntimes.com/cgi-bin/print.cgi Ebert, Roger, The Virgin Suicides, Chicago Sun-Times, http//www.suntimes.com/cgi-bin/print.cgi , May 5, 2000McKittrick, Casey, Shaping Pedophilic Discourse or so American Beauty Happiness. Velvet Light Trap, Spring 2001, Issue 47, p 3-12.Scott, A.O., Film Review Evanescent Trees and Sisters In an Enchanted 1970s Suburb, The New York Times, http//movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/review.html Viner, Russel, The Virgin Suicides, Student BMJ, Jul 2000, Vol. 8, p 254

Polygamy in Canada Should Not be Banned Essay -- International Law, re

Polygamy is an ongoing controversy both in Canada and around the world. Polygamy is referred to as a form of marriage or social pr typifyice in which a male individual has more than one spouse or wife (Campbell, 2005). The act of polygamy is illegal and against the law in galore(postnominal) countries, though this marriage body structure still rarely occurs in some societies or families. Worldwide, the cultures and societies that have accommodated the act of polygamy are well aware that emotional, societal, economic, and physical factors are inflicted upon the well-being of women along with their families. This act has been outlawed in Canada since 1892, and there are many debates in progress of determining whether or not Canada ought to legalize the practice of foreign polygamous marriages (Campbell, 2005). The put away on polygamy should be overturned in Canada, for the reason that different religious and cultural practices that involved polygamy do in fact exist within this se veral(a) nation, as well, it is beneficial to women and their children in terms of financial support and domestic assistance between the wives. However, this practice is contrary to the values and notions of equality between males and females in the Canadian and western society.Canada, as a multicultural nation, should legalize the act of polygamy as it is practiced within many religions and cultures that exist in the country. Canada is a divers(prenominal) country and consists of various individuals who have different beliefs and values and carry out certain roles subsequent to their cultures and religions. Many religions, such as Islam, which is practised by many individuals in Canada today, allow the tradition of polygamy under certain circumstances. Individuals who pursue this religion and ... ...l and Social Implications for Women and Children. Vancouver Sun. The Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre, November 2005. Web. 21 March 2011. http//www.vancouversun.com/pdf/polygam y_021209.pdfCohen, Marjorie. Patriarcal Relations of Production in Nineteenth-century Ontario. Family Patterns Gender Relations. Toronto Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Coltrane, Scott. Household Labour and the Routine Production of Gender. Family Patterns Gender Relations. Toronto Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Department of Justice. Equality Rights. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. 27 March 2011. Web. 28 March 2011. http//lois-laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/ let/page-1.htmlanchorbo-gal_I-gbs_1 Department of Justice. Polygamy. Criminal Code of Canada. 27 March 2011. Web. 28 March 2011. http//laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/page-202.html